The domestic Bactrian camels were treated as one of the principal means of locomotion between the eastern and western cultures in history. However, whether they originated from East Asia or Central Asia remains elusive. To address this question, we perform wholegenome sequencing of 128 camels across Asia. The extant wild and domestic Bactrian camels show remarkable genetic divergence, as they were split from dromedaries. The wild Bactrian camels also contribute little to the ancestry of domestic ones, although they share close habitat in East Asia. Interestingly, among the domestic Bactrian camels, those from Iran exhibit the largest genetic distance and the earliest split from all others in the phylogeny, despite evident admixture between domestic Bactrian camels and dromedaries living in Central Asia. Taken together, our study support the Central Asian origin of domestic Bactrian camels, which were then immigrated eastward to Mongolia where native wild Bactrian camels inhabit.

Modern trends in functional and dietary nutrition define the need to search for and develop innovative recipes and technologies for manufacturing meat products. Existing technologies for the meat products production ensure compliance with the consumption standards ratios in accordance with the World Health Organization recommendations. The research object was the technology of manufacturing a meat product - rillette “Honey Nut” with the addition of amino acetic acid. The proposed innovative technology ensures the enrichment of traditional meat rillette with useful ingredients contained in honey extract of walnuts. The amount of nut-honey extract and amino acetic acid (glycine) introduced into the recipe is 0.2–0.3 and 0.03–0.04 kg per 100 kg of raw materials, respectively. The recipe for walnuts honey extract is as follows: walnuts in the stage of milky-waxy ripeness (5–7 mm) – 1 kg; mixed honey – 4 l. To prepare honey-nut extract, a man infused crushed walnuts in the stage of milky-waxy ripeness in liquid honey for 42 days. Visual evaluation of the honey nut rillette structure showed that it is a fairly viscous, homogeneous mass in the product. In the mass there are small particles (200–300 microns) of connective and muscle tissue; the boundaries between them are blurred and are not identified. A significant proportion of particles is less than the value of a single cell; they form fine-grained protein masses that give the rillette greater compactness and uniformity, which improves the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product. Generally, the amount of identifiable animal particles in the product is quite high. There are no nuclear cell formations. Comparison of rillettes main indicators proved that the “Honey nut” rillette has a higher carbohydrate content than its counterpart. The fat content indicators also exceed the TU analog due to the significant amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic).

The aim of the research is to compare and study the economic and biological characteristics of animals of the Kalmyk and Mongolian breeds of cattle, to identify related parameters and evidence of a common historical origin. Methods. The method of evaluating and comparing the characteristics of two breeds of cattle (Kalmyk and Mongolian) with a common origin has been improved, and methods of zootechnical, graphic and comparative analysis. Results. The authors made a comparative assessment of the economic and biological characteristics of the Kalmyk and Mongolian cattle breeds bred in the South of Russia, in the Bayangol-Mongol and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous regions of China. According to the results of the assessment, similar characteristics of the studied animal breeds were revealed, and their common origin from a single ancestor was proved. The factors that influence the high adaptive abilities of the two breeds and the similarity in their production and reproduction abilities are revealed. Studies of Kalmyk breed of cattle was carried out in the territory SPK “Prolific” of the Republic of Kalmykia, the Mongol breed cattle was held on the territory of the farm Baingol-Mongol Autonomous Region of China. The study of these cattle breeds will allow us to understand the origin of the Kalmyk breed of cattle, which was migrated with the Mongolian-Kalmyk tribes from the Western part of China more than 400 years ago.

The article outlines the importance of food quality in ensuring the safety of the region. The main directions of reducing the quality of food have been determined. The statistics of the increase in the number of persons suffering from alimentary diseases is presented. The growth of food-dependent diseases has been demonstrated. Information is provided on the dynamics of the number of disabled people among children and adults, the number of persons of draft age, unfit for military service. Conclusions are made about the effectiveness of measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of using the labor potential of the region. Measures aimed at improving the working-age population by improving the quality of food are outlined.

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