Background Notifications for Sexually transmitted infections cannot be used to measure changing incidence or prevalence of infection if a substantial proportion of infections are asymptomatic and screening rates are low. This analysis aimed to determine whether chlamydia positivity among heterosexual men and chlamydia and gonorrhoea positivity among men who have sex with men (MSM) have changed over time after adjusting for sexual risk. Methods Computerised records for men attending a large sexual health clinic between 2002 and 2009 were analysed. Urethral chlamydia positivity in all men, and anal chlamydia and anal and pharyngeal gonorrhoea positivity in MSM was calculated. Logistic regression was used to assess change in positivity over time adjusting for demographic, clinical, and sexual behavioural risk factors. Testing data from the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) was also included to supplement the MSHC data. Results 17769 heterosexual men and 8328 MSM tested for chlamydia and 7133 MSM tested for gonorrhoea between 2002 and 2009. In heterosexual men, 7.37% (95% CI 6.99 to 7.77) were chlamydia positive with positivity increasing by 4% per year (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07) in multivariate analysis. In MSM, 3.70% (95% CI 3.30 to 4.14) had a urethral chlamydia infection and 5.36% (95% CI 4.82 to 5.96) had an anal chlamydia infection, but positivity did not change over time. In MSM, 3.05% (95% CI 2.63 to 3.53) tested positive for anal gonorrhoea and 1.83% (95% CI 1.53 to 2.18) for pharyngeal gonorrhoea. Univariate analysis found anal gonorrhoea positivity had decreased (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.87 to 1.00), but after multivariate analysis adjusting for sexual risk there was no change. Urethral gonorrhoea cases in MSM as a percentage of all MSM tested for gonorrhoea also fell (p<0.001). The gonorrhoea and chlamydia infection rates in MSM from VIDRL supported our clinic findings showing significant declines in anal and pharyngeal gonorrhoea infections over time and a less marked, but also significant, decline in anal chlamydia; however only univariate analysis was possible. Conclusions These data suggest that chlamydia prevalence in heterosexual men is rising and chlamydia and gonorrhoea prevalence among MSM is stable or declining. High STI testing rates among MSM in Australia may explain differences in STI trends between MSM and heterosexual men. Introduction A combination of increased testing and improved testing modalities has contributed to substantially higher incidences of chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhoea (GC) infections globally. Previous studies have noted the differing epidemiological profiles of CT and GC, resulting in different public health prevention and intervention strategies. Using a population-based perspective, this study describes recent trends, and assesses inequalities in the geographic distribution of CT and GC in a Canadian city. Methods Analyses included all laboratory-confirmed cases of CT and GC among residents of the Winnipeg Health Region from 1996 to 2008. Annual CT ...
Сахарная свекла является основной культурой в Российской Федерации для получения сахара. Погодные условия Краснодарского края идеально подходят для возделывания сахарной свеклы (за исключением Анапо-Таманской зоны из-за недостаточного количества осадков). Исследования проводились на территории Центральной зоны Краснодарского края. Основной задачей было определение влияния основных обработок на урожайность и сахаристость сахарной свеклы. В опыте рассматривали три вида основных обработок: отвальная вспашка, безотвальная вспашка и поверхностное дискование. За контроль был взят вариант с отвальной вспашкой почвы. Все опыты проводились при внесении одинаковой дозы минеральных удобрений. Изучалось влияние обработок почвы на агрегатный состав почвы и последствия изменения структуры почвы на различных системах. Обработки оказали значительное влияние на рост и развитие растений сахарной свеклы. Основным фактором, влияющим на рост растений, оказалась плотность почвы. Сахарная свекла крайне требовательна к плотности вследствие малого запаса питательных веществ в семени, при прорастании в почве с повышенной твердостью растения гибнут в большом количестве. Возвращение сахарной свеклы в ротацию происходит на седьмой год севооборота. Также проводилось исследование механической борьбы с сорной растительностью. Сорные растения значительно снижают урожайность сахарной свеклы вследствие затенения и поглощения питательных элементов. Задачей данного исследования является выявление наиболее благоприятного варианта обработки почвы для возделывания сахарной свеклы в условиях Краснодарского края. Наряду с урожайностью определялся процент сахаристости и выход сахара с гектара. Исследования проводились во все фазы развития сахарной свеклы, непосредственно в данной статье проанализированы отборы почвы на середину вегетации сахарной свеклы.
The problem of the stabilizing / destabilizing influence of the religious factor on the social and political system of the Russian Federation is actualized in the context of institutional and non-institutional influence, including the relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church and the degree of citizens’ loyalty to the government and reaction to the COVID challenge. For this purpose, the positions of Orthodox and atheists on various issues are compared; in addition, two groups are distinguished within the Orthodox — involved in religious life respondents and not involved in it. Differences in the assessments of the situation in the country, social tension, their trust in state and public institutions, their social expectations, and their attitude to life, including their attitude to freedom and state support, are studied. Differences between groups are investigated not only in opinions, but also in behavior — in civil and political participation, with the statement of a higher level of activism among the Orthodox involved respondents. The reaction of these groups to modern challenges, in particular, to the pandemic, is analyzed; various reactions and actions of bishops in the regions, “covid-dissidence” of a part of the Church hierarchy, as well as the dispersion of the studied groups are noted.
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