Gelatin (G) was extracted from the skin of Atlantic cod at different pH of the aqueous phase (pH 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9) and at a temperature of 50 ± 1 °C. The yield of gelatin (G3, G4, G5, G8, and G9, respectively) was 49–55% of the dry raw material. The influence of extraction pH on the physicochemical and functional properties of gelatin was studied. Sample G5 was characterized by higher protein content (92.8%) while lower protein content was obtained for sample G3 (86.5%) extracted under more aggressive conditions. Analysis of the molecular weight distribution showed the presence of α- and β-chains as major components; the molecular weight of the samples ranged between 130 and 150 kDa, with sample G5 having the highest molecular weight. IR spectra of all samples had absorption bands characteristic of fish gelatin. The study of the secondary structure demonstrated higher amounts of ordered triple collagen-like helices for G5 extracted under mild conditions. Accordingly, sample G5 formed gels with high values for the storage modulus and gelling and melting temperatures, which decrease as pH changes into acidic or alkaline regions. In addition, the differential scanning calorimetry data showed that G5 had a higher glass transition temperature and melting enthalpy. Thus, cod skin is an excellent source of gelatin with the necessary physicochemical and functional properties, depending on the appropriate choice of aqueous phase pH for the extraction.
Introduction. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a modern instrumental method for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of various objects. The method for analyzing the NIR spectra of diffuse reflection was successfully used to identify plant and animal species, drugs, etc. The issue of identifying objects of marine fishery is currently extremely important for modern fisheries, environmental monitoring, and identifying counterfeit products. The research objective was to identify the fish taxa using the discriminant analysis of reflection in the NIR region. Study objects and methods. The research featured 25 dried and defatted muscle tissue samples taken from different species of marine fish caught in the North Fishing Basin. The spectra were measured using a Fourier IR-spectrophotometer Shimadzu IRTracer-100 with a diffuse reflection measuring instrument. Measurements were carried out in the range from 700 to 7,000 cm–1. Mathematical processing of the spectra was performed using the MagicPlot Pro program ver. 2.9 (Magicplot Systems, LLC), while the statistical program IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 25 (IBM Corp., USA) was exploited to perform the linear discriminant analysis. Results and discussion. The spectra of diffuse reflection of NIR radiation were measured for 25 samples of marine fish species of different taxa caught in the North Fishing Basin. The range of 3,700 to 6,700 cm–1 was selected to assess the proximity of spectra in linear discriminant analysis. In this range, the team identified 19 spectral peaks, which made a significant contribution to canonical discriminatory functions. The resulting canonical discriminatory functions made it possible to divide the objects into eight nonoverlapping groups corresponding to each biological group of the fish. The analysis was based on a comparison of Mahalanobis distance between the group centroids and the NIR spectra of each studied fish species. The minimum Mahalanobis distance between the nearest groups was statistically significant. Conclusion. The research proved the possibility of taxonomic identification of marine fish based on measuring the spectral characteristics of their muscle tissue proteins in the range of 3,700 to 6,700 cm–1 of near-infrared region and classification by linear discriminant analysis.
The concept of “Intelligent Field” is becoming a promising strategy in the oil and gas industry. This approach includes several levels (components) of information management: Data gathering system (data channels, data transmitters);Data processing and analysis (simulation and monitoring tools);Data integration solutions;Feedback (well response, ESP frequency response). This paper describes the application of the data gathering and integration process supported by the data processing and simulation tools in the Southern License Territory (SLT) of Priobskoye Field (West Siberia). The proposed solutions provide a suitable base for daily monitoring of problematic elements with the appropriate feedback to the related services if a problem occurs. These solutions were implemented to monitor the production process in the SLT of Priobskoye field, they were successfully used to reach the main goals: Gathering of the field information in real time;Introduction of the tool to control artificial lift production for our technologists;Access to the information about problematic wells at least once per day;Visual and analytical reports related to problematic wells;Field development planning and monitoring tools for specialists involved in waterflood simulation and management. The results of this work can be used to analyze the learning process, to evaluate the prospects of “return on investments” put into the simulation models, which in our case are constantly upgraded and used in work. The important result of this project is a transparent and fast decision-making process supporting oil production activities.
Реализация концепции мониторинга в реальном времени ЮЛТ Приобского месторождения Барышников А.В., Сидоренко В.В., Тычинский А.Н., Тимохович Ю.И., Сафронов Д.А. / ООО «Газпромнефть -Хантос» Гладков А.В., Кондаков Д.Е. / ЗАО «Центр технологий моделирования» Авторское право 2010 г., Общество инженеров-нефтяников Настоящий документ был подготовлен для презентации на Российской технической нефтегазовой конференции и выставке SPE 2010 в Москве, Россия, 26-28 октября 2010 г.Настоящий документ был выбран для презентации программным комитетом SPE по итогам анализа информации, содержащейся в реферате, предоставленном автором (авторами). Содержание документа не анализировалось Обществом инженеров-нефтяников и подлежит корректировке автором (авторами). Материал не обязательно отражает какие-либо позиции Общества инженеров-нефтяников, его руководителей и участников. Электронное воспроизведение, распространение или хранение любой части данного документа без письменного согласия Общества инженеров-нефтяников запрещается. Разрешение на воспроизведение в печатном виде ограничено рефератом в объеме не более 300 слов, копировать иллюстрации не разрешается. В реферате должно содержаться явное признание авторского права SPE. РезюмеКонцепция интеллектуального месторождения (Intelligent Field) приобретает в последнее время все большую актуальность. Данный подход включает в себя несколько информационных уровней (компонентов):1. система сбора данных (каналы связи, датчики); 2. аналитическая обработка данных (инструменты моделирования, системы мониторинга); 3. интеграция полученных данных с процессом принятия решений; 4. обратная связь (воздействие на скважины, изменение частот ЭЦН).В настоящей работе на примере Южной Лицензионной Территории (ЮЛТ) Приобского месторождения описан процесс интеграции систем сбора данных с инструментами аналитической обработки данных и моделирования. Представлены решения, которые позволяют проводить ежедневный мониторинг потенциально опасных «узлов» и информировать соответствующие службы при возникновении проблем.Данные решения были реализованы для мониторинга разработки и оперативного контроля добычи ЮЛТ Приобского месторождения, что позволило решить основные задачи: 1. сбор информации по месторождению в режиме реального времени; 2. создание рабочего инструмента контроля механизированного фонда для технологов; 3. обеспечение доступа к информации по проблемным скважинам с периодом не реже, чем раз в день; 4. построение срезов и аналитических сводок по проблемным скважинам; 5. создание инструмента планирования и мониторинга разработки для специалистов по моделированию и управлению заводнением.Результаты проекта дают возможность проанализировать уроки, которые были получены в ходе его реализации, оценить перспективы «возврата инвестиций», вложенных в построение моделей (которые в данном случае постоянно обновляются и используются в работе). Важным результатом проекта является так же обеспечение прозрачности и увеличение скорости принятия решений в ходе производственных процессов добычи нефти.Введение, постановк...
This paper describes experience gained through the field pilot exploitation of completion systems designed for simultaneousseparate exploitation (SSE) of multihorizon wells in conditions of South License Area (SLA) of Priobskoye oil field. Possibility of particular formation parameters monitoring and control is the main benefit of such systems. Overview of completion systems for SSE, ways and technologies used for control of multihorizon wells, experience of such systems application and opportunity for future application are also discussed in this work. Two main points are considered: Simultaneous Separate Production (ОРД -Russian abbreviation) for production monitoring and control of multihorizon wells and Simultaneous Separate Injection (ОРЗ -Russian abbreviation) completion system for water injection control in multihorizon injection wells. A special attention was paid to the long term monitoring of each penetrated formation on different flow regimes. The monitoring was conducted with downhole gauges (flow rate, temperature and humidity). Opportunity of such monitoring is one of the most important SSE advantages. Described technologies are part of the field intellectualization project. Purpose of this project is identification of the most effective system which enables control and surveillance of multihorizon wells. As a result, the unified system for the exploitation parameters control and monitoring, based on the observation wells network will be created.
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