Введение. В современном мире при подготовке специалистов активно используется обучение на медицинских тренажёрах. Для обучения навыку пункции полостной системы почки создано немало тренажёров, от биологических до тренажёров виртуальной реальности, однако у всех есть недостатки -дороговизна, непродолжительный срок годности, несоответствие реальной анатомии чашечно-лоханочной системы почки.Цель исследования. Разработать модель тренажёра, которая будет идентична по своим анатомическим и акустическим свойствам почке и прилежащим тканям человека, а также удобна в использовании и доступна по цене.Материалы и методы. Были созданы образцы тренажёров на основе глицерина и желатина. Было проведено исследование скорости звука во всех композициях, а также исследование трекообразования после прохождения пункционной иглы, а также способность композиций к зарастанию (слипанию) треков. Созданная модель тренажёра была протестирована врачами-урологами.Результаты. В результате испытаний было установлено, что образцы на основе желатина и глицерина более износостойки, их срок хранения дольше, чем у других образцов, и данная модель максимально приближена по своим акустическим свойствам к тканям человека. При апробации тренажёра специалисты высоко оценили качество визуализации как самого макета почки, так и иглы во время пункции, а также визуализацию при повторных пункциях.Заключение. Разработанный нами тренажёр может быть использован для обучения молодых специалистов, для оценки практических и теоретических навыков выпускников в рамках аккредитации, а также для постоянного повышения квалификации специалистов и при планировании оперативного вмешательства у конкретного пациента. Ключевые слова: тренажёр для пункции; перкутанный доступ; желатиновая композиция; ультразвуковая диагностика; скорость звука; обучение ординаторов Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки. Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
WATER REALITY IN UKRAINE AND WORLDWIDEPurpose. The paper analyzes the state of water management in Ukraine and worldwide, as well as the best practices in this area. Methodology. The study was carried out based on the analysis of literature sources and reporting data on the state of water management in Ukraine, European countries, the USA (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016). Findings. The water state analysis in the regions of Ukraine showed that the quality in most cases is close to or meets the requirements for drinking water. Drinking tap water requires post-treatment in all regions of the country. The main issue for today is the production of the necessary equipment for treatment plants. Unfortunately, not all equipment is produced in Ukraine. The condition of rural water pipelines is of particular concern. Among the tested pipelines 7.3% do not comply with the rules and regulations. At the same time, only 25% of villages in Ukraine are provided with centralized water supply. Originality. The authors presented the results of a comprehensive review of the world's issues on disinfection of drinking and waste water, where various methods are used, partly in combination with each other in Ukraine and the worldwide. The main unresolved issue today is the issue of the residual quantity of drugs in the drinking water. The main environmental threat of the world scale is the presence of medicines in drinking water. The treatment facilities are not suitable for the decomposition or trapping of medicinal products. Nowhere in the world there is protection from these substances. One of the key issues in the solution of drinking water production is seawater desalination. To reduce the cost of desalination of sea water the SWROmembrane technology is used. Practical value. Water problems are number one problems all over the world and in Ukraine as well. It is necessary to provide for additional financing to solve problems in the preparation and purification of waters, not with whatever funds remain, taking into account the fact that water is the basis of life on earth as a whole, the health and life of the nation depends on the quality of the water supply source.Key words: waste and drinking water treatment; medicines in wastewater; new sources of drinking water; disinfection of waste and drinking water; desalination plants; fresh water production from seas
Due to the need for mass construction of transport routes there is a need to develop theoretical foundations and methods of their design, which will simplify the design process, develop geometric models to optimize transport links, improve existing and create new methods of geometric modeling of optimal trajectories. terrain and road parameters. In the process of designing transport links, the main objective function is the economic effect of their construction. The cost-effectiveness of the overpass should include minimizing the length of the road, taking into account construction costs, which also depend on the minimum allowable parameters of transport routes, the peculiarities of traffic. To develop an optimization model for determining the trajectory of the road in the territorial design, the analysis of geometric parameters of the features of transport routes such as the minimum: turning radius in terms of Rgor; profile angle of rise of the path angle α; profile angle of descent path angle β, profile radius of path convex curves Rprof1; profile radius of the path concave curves Rprof2; step of supporting structures of engineering supports ∆L. And also the maximum height of transport engineering support ∆H. These indicators will serve as limitations in optimizing the trajectory of overpasses. А conditional classification of relief surfaces taking into account geometrical features and parameters of different types of overpasses is offered. Its use will promote increase of quality of designing of transport ways on a terrain relief, simplification of design process and improvement of quality of design planning decisions at territorial designing. The further use of the optimization model to determine the trajectory of roads for different types of transport will improve the quality of design, solving planning problems of spatial design.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.