To verify the type of diabetes mellitus (DM) remains an extremely important problem in endocrinology, as along with types 1 and 2 DM there are rarer hereditary types of DM, including maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). The latter is a genetic type of DM, which is characterized by an autosomal dominant inheritance. Eleven types of MODY (MODY 1 to MODY13) are identified; each is associated with mutations in the certain gene: HNF4A, GCK, HNF1A, PDX1, HNF1B, NEUROD1, KLF11, CEL, PAX4, INS, BLK, KCNJ11 and ABCC8. A molecular genetic testing for suspected MODY is conducted to verify the diagnosis and to define a subtype of MODY, patient management tactics, to predict the outcome of the disease and its complications in relation to the found subtype of MODY. It is also important to seek mutation causing MODY in terms of the early detection of MODY in the first-degree relatives of a proband, appropriate therapy of the disease, and prevention of its complications.

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Highlights. Nowadays the only way to prevent a new coronavirus infection is vaccination. Overcoming such problems as a gradual decrease in the effectiveness of post-vaccination immunity and the emergence of new strains of SARS-CoV-2 is possible due to booster vaccination. The review highlights the current data on the effectiveness and immunogenicity of various booster vaccination regimens and prospects for studying this issue in the Russian Federation.Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic is going on, which makes it crucial to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease. Vaccination is the only way of specific prevention of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is continuously evolving and new variants appear. Moreover, the effectiveness of protective immunity after vaccination tends to decrease over several months. Booster vaccination may be the solution to these problems. The booster is an extra vaccination that helps to reactivate the immunity against COVID-19. Booster doses can be homologous (the same as the primary vaccine) and heterologous (different from the primary vaccine). It is of current interest to study heterologous vaccination as the injection of different vaccines may result in a more intense immune response. Furthermore, the same vaccine may not be available at the time of booster vaccination. This review is aimed at summarizing the key research findings in the field of booster vaccination against COVID-19.

ФГБУ Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр терапии и профилактической медицины Минздрава России. Москва; 2 ФГБУ Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии Минздрава России, Москва; 3 ФГАОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И. М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет). Москва, Россия В настоящее время представления об атеросклерозе сонных и бедренных артерий претерпели ряд изменений. С одной стороны, каротидный, как и феморальный атеросклероз-это болезнь, которую непосредственно надо лечить, с другой стороны,-это модификатор сердечно-сосудистого риска. Данный обзор посвящен аспектам стратификации сердечно-сосудистого риска в зависимости от выраженности и скорости прогрессирования атеросклеротического процесса в сонных и бедренных артериях. Ключевые слова: атеросклеротическая бляшка, сонные артерии, бедренные артерии, высокий сердечно-сосудистый риск. Отношения и деятельность: нет.

В соответствии с современными клиническими рекомендациями основной целью терапии для снижения сердечно-сосудистого риска является достижение целевого уровня липидных показателей. Целый ряд заболеваний, с которыми пациенты ежедневно обращаются к врачу, лекарственные препараты, назначаемые в рутинной клинической практике, а также нарушения в диете способны вызывать развитие нарушений липидного обмена, называемых вторичными гиперлипидемиями. Выявление и лечение (или устранение) вторичных причин гиперлипидемий может способствовать повышению эффективности лечения больных с нарушениями липидного обмена. В данном обзоре представлены основные состояния и патогенетические механизмы, обусловливающие развитие вторичных гиперлипидемий.

The growing prevalence of metabolic disorders creates an increasing demand for novel approaches to their prevention and therapy. Novel genetic diagnostic technologies are developed every year, which makes it possible to identify people who are at the highest genetic risk of diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome. Early intervention strategies can be used to prevent metabolic disorders in this group of people. Genetic risk scores (GRSs) are a powerful tool to identify people with a high genetic risk. Millions of genetic variants are analyzed in genome-wide association studies in order to combine them into GRSs. It has become possible to store and process such huge amounts of data with the help of biobanks, where biological samples are stored according to international standards. Genetic studies include more and more people every year that increases the predictive power of GRSs. It has already been demonstrated that the use of GRSs makes future preventive measures more effective. In the near future, GRSs are likely to become part of clinical guidelines so that they can be widely used to identify people at high risk for metabolic syndrome and its components.

In the context of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is extremely important to study immunogenicity and immune response duration in different vaccines.Aim. As part of a prospective observational study, to study the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-protein IgG antibodies in individuals vaccinated with the Gam-COVID-Vac and CoviVac vaccines.Material and methods. The data of 93 people who completed the first 3 visits were analyzed, 23 of whom were vaccinated with the Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine and 70 people — with the CoviVac vaccine. We collected blood before the injection of vaccine doses I and II, as well as 42 days after the injection of dose I in order to quantitatively determine IgG levels. The level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-protein IgG antibodies was determined using the SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA-BEST reagent kit on the InfiniteF50 TECAN system.Results. A significant increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-protein IgG antibodies was observed in those vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac. In the group of CoviVac vaccine, an increase in the level anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-protein IgG antibodies in absolute values was recorded, however, this increase did not reach statistical significance.Conclusion. The data obtained show that the level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-protein antibodies 42 days after Gam-COVID-Vac vaccination is significantly higher than after CoviVac vaccination. However, an increase in the level of IgG in both groups indicates the ability of both vaccines to stimulate the production of anti-SARS-CoV antibodies.

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