Variability of nutrients and the carbonate system components in the Sevastopol Bay is considered based on the hydro and -chemical surveys' data obtained in Marine Hydrophysical Institute in [2007][2008][2009][2010][2011][2012][2013][2014][2015][2016]. Their inter-annual and seasonal variations are assessed proceeding from the nutrients' data and carbonate system components. Our results permit to draw a conclusion that the anthropogenic component constitutes a predominant pressure upon the ecological state of the Sevastopol Bay. At that spatial distribution of the nutrients and the carbonate system components is also conditioned by the Chernaya River fresh waters in the inner part of the bay. It is shown that organic matter oxidation and the carbonates' dissolution resulting from strong eutrophication determine the modern state of the carbonate system in the Sevastopol Bay. The decreasing difference between the atmospheric and surface waters pCO2 provides the basis at which the bay ecosystem can soon become a source of carbon dioxide. The conclusion is that shift of equilibrium towards predominance of the organic component in the natural cycles, as well as the increasing anthropogenic influence upon the Sevastopol Bay ecosystem can negatively affect both its ecological and recreational status.
Поступила в редакцию 30.10.2017 г. После доработки 12.12.2017 г.Рассмотрена изменчивость биогенных элементов и компонентов карбонатной системы Севастопольской бухты по результатам гидрохимических съемок, выполненных сотрудниками Морского гидрофизического института РАН в 2007-2016 гг. На основе анализа данных о содержании биогенных элементов и измене-нии компонентов карбонатной системы в поверхностном и придонном слоях бухты получены оценки их межгодовых и сезонных изменений. По результатам проведенных исследований сделан вывод о преобла-дающем влиянии антропогенной составляющей на экологическое состояние Севастопольской бухты. При этом пространственное распределение биогенных элементов и компонентов карбонатной системы опреде-ляется также влиянием вод р. Черной в кутовой части. Показано, что процессы окисления органического вещества и растворения карбонатов определяют современное состояние карбонатной системы Севасто-польской бухты. Снижающаяся разница между атмосферным рСО2 и рСО2 поверхностного слоя создает предпосылки, при которых экосистема бухты в скором времени может стать источником углекислого газа. Смещение равновесий в сторону преобладания органической составляющей природных циклов, а также усиливающееся антропогенное влияние на экосистему бухты могут негативно отразиться как на ее эколо-гическом статусе, так и на рекреационной привлекательности. Their inter-annual and seasonal variations are assessed proceeding from the analyzed data on the nutrients' concentration (content) and change of the carbonate system components. The results of the performed studies permit to draw a conclusion that the anthropogenic component constitutes a predominant pressure upon the ecological state of the Sevastopol Bay. At that spatial distribution of the nutrients and the carbonate system components is also conditioned by the river Chernaya fresh waters in the inner part of the bay. It is shown that organic matter oxidation and the carbonates' dissolution resulting from strong eutrophication determine the modern state of the carbonate system in the Sevastopol Bay. The decreasing difference between the atmospheric pCO2 and that of the surface layer in the bay provides the basis at which the bay ecosystem can soon become a source of carbon dioxide. The conclusion is that shift of equilibrium towards predominance of the organic component in the natural cycles, as well as the increasing anthropogenic influence upon the Sevastopol Bay ecosystem can negatively affect both its ecological and recreational status.
Обсуждаются результаты оценки поступления неорганического азота с атмосферными осадками на акваторию Севастопольской бухты на основе данных, полученных при анализе атмосферных осадков, отобранных на территории МГС «Севастополь». Максимальные и средневзвешенные значения концентраций азота в 2016 г. были в 1,4 раза выше, чем в 2015 г. Во внутригодовом изменении средневзвешенной концентрации азота в период 2015-2016 гг. не выявлено четкого сезонного хода. Показано, что при поступлении атмосферных осадков на акваторию бухты соотношение Редфилда в атмосферных осадках и поверхностном слое Севастопольской бухты может значительно смещаться в сторону неорганического азота.
Abstract. Wet atmospheric depositions have been collected in a rural (Katsiveli) and urban (Sevastopol) location at the Crimean coast of the Black Sea from 2003 to 2008. Samples, 217 from Katsiveli and 228 from Sevastopol, have been analyzed for inorganic fixed nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium). Data has revealed almost equal contributions of ammonium (44–45 %) and nitrate (52–53 %) and minor contribution of nitrite (2–4 %) for both rural and urban samples. The average concentration of inorganic fixed nitrogen (IFN) in urban samples (2.81 mg N L−1) is about two-fold of that content in rural samples (1.42 mg N L−1). Seasonal variations in average monthly concentrations have been revealed for both locations with maximum concentrations in winter and minimum values in summer, but intra-annual variations are statistically significant for only urban samples. The average annual deposition of IFN with atmospheric precipitations on the surface of the Black Sea is about 0.31 × 106 t N yr−1 (0.75 t N km−2 yr−1), which is 39 % of the riverine input. It does vary in space and time. The relative importance of the atmospheric input increases from coastal to open areas and from winter to summer. Deposition of IFN with wet atmospheric precipitations proportionally increases the concentration of chlorophyll a, as it is traced from satellite data. The traced increase in the concentration of chlorophyll a has reached 1.5-fold for mesoscale processes. In case of individual rain events supporting up to 50–60 mg N m−2, the influence of IFN deposition is up to 5 % at the north-western shelf of the Black sea, where the most of river-born IFN is loaded. In the central areas of the sea, where the amount of IFN in summer is low, the contribution of individual rainfall can reach 35 %. This input of IFN can potentially double the level of primary production.
Assessment of state and quality of the sea and ocean surface layer waters resulted from binding the data from satellite images and the results of the simultaneously done in situ measurements is the actual direction of modern complex oceanological studies. Further development of this direction the immediate task of which consists in defining hydrochemical composition of water based on satellite data requires selecting the regions in the Black Sea where in situ measurements of water hydrochemical characteristics can be carried out simultaneously with satellite monitoring of the surface water state. The results of analysis of the hydrochemical characteristics' (main elements of nutrient and carbon cycles) spatial distribution in the Blue Bay waters based on the data of the expeditionary research carried out by Marine Hydrophysical Institute in 2002-2014 are represented. It is shown that this region and the stationary oceanographic platform (SOP) located in its southwestern part constitute a convenient ground for synchronous remote and sub-satellite studies of natural oceanological processes and impact of the coastal anthropogenic pollution sources. The data on hydrochemical characteristics of surface water in the SOP region can be used to study background state of the coastal marine environment as well as influence of intense natural processes (storms and (or) upwellings) upon formation and evolution of hydrochemical and optical structure of surface waters, surface water and atmosphere gas exchange, effect of physical, chemical and biological processes on the sea water quality. Influence of two coastal sources of anthropogenic pollution upon the Blue Bay marine environment was studied using synchronous remote and sub-satellite measurements; the results of these investigations provide additional opportunities for developing and certifying the methods of remote study and monitoring of the coastal marine environment state.Keywords: Blue Bay (Crimea), stationary oceanographic platform, remote study, sub-satellite ground, elements of nutrient cycle, elements of carbon cycle, field data of 2002-2014.
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