Purpose: The current study aimed to investigate the normative data for blood pressure. Materials and Methods: From 2017 to 2020, 2032 men and women classified as ‘war veterans’ were recruited (mean age ± standard deviation (SD): 60.97 ± 7.98 years; mean stature: 172.50 ± 9.10 cm; mean body mass: 90.25 ± 36.45 kg; mean body-mass index: 29.66 ± 5.59 kg/m2; 29.9% women). Their systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured three times. The procedure was carried out according to the American Heart Organization. The sex-specific and age-specific normative data for the 5th, 25th, 50th (median), 75th, and 90th percentiles for systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (measured as SBP-DBP) and mid-BP (the average of SBP and DBP) were presented. Results: The men had higher SBP (p < 0.001), DBP (p < 0.001), pulse pressure (p < 0.001) and mid-BP (p < 0.001) compared to the women. The age-specific differences showed that older individuals had higher values of SBP (p < 0.001), pulse pressure (p < 0.001), and mid-BP (p < 0.001), while no significant differences for DBP (p = 0.496) were observed. Conclusions: This is the first study providing sex-specific and age-specific normative data for blood pressure in war veterans.

Background Although evidence suggests that resistance training should be prescribed as a method to enhance or maintain physical fitness, these findings are mostly based on research on younger men. Studies investigating responses by sex and age to resistance training, especially in war veterans aged ≥50 years, are lacking. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to examine whether a 4-week resistance training program would have similar effects on body composition, muscular fitness, and flexibility in men and women aged 50–80 years. Methods: Seven-hundred and sixty-four participants were recruited and categorized into two groups each of men and women aged 50–64 and 65–80 years. The training intervention lasted 4 weeks and consisted of three 60 min sessions per week. All participants were tested for each of the following physical fitness components: body composition, push-ups in 30 sec, chair-stands in 30 sec, sit-ups in 30 s, and a sit-and-reach test. Results: Over the intervention period of 4 weeks, body weight (p = 0.002) and the percent of fat mass (p < 0.001) decreased, while the percent of lean mass (p < 0.001) in push-ups in 30 s (p < 0.001), chair-stands in 30 s (p < 0.001), sit-ups in 30 s (p < 0.001), and sit-and-reach (p < 0.001) increased. Significant time*age interactions were shown for push-ups in 30 s (F1,763 = 4.348, p = 0.038) and chair-stands in 30 s (F1,763 = 9.552, p = 0.002), where men and women aged 50–64 years exhibited larger time-induced changes compared to their older (65–80 yr) counterparts. Effect sizes were similar between sex- and age-specific groups. Conclusions: The 4-week resistance training produced similar pronounced positive effects on body composition, muscular fitness, and flexibility, while men and women aged 50–64 years displayed significantly larger improvements in upper and lower muscular fitness compared with their 65–80-year-old counterparts.

The main purpose of the study was to analyze the associations between health-related physical fitness and fasting blood glucose in war veterans. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 764 men and women aged 45–75 years, who were part of the Homeland War between 1990 and 1995 (33.5% women). Health-related physical fitness included: (1) fat mass and fat-free mass (body composition), (2) push-ups in 30 s (muscular dynamic endurance of upper extremities), (3) sit-ups in 30 s (repetitive upper body strength), (4) chair-stands in 30 s (lower body strength), (5) sit-and-reach test (flexibility) and (6) the 2-min step test (cardiorespiratory function). Laboratory measurement of fasting blood glucose was performed according to standardized procedures in resting seated position after a 12-h overnight fast. Generalized estimating equations with multiple regression models were used to calculate the associations between health-related physical fitness and fasting blood glucose. In men, fasting blood glucose was significantly correlated with fat-free mass (β = − 0.25, p < 0.001), push-ups in 30 s (β = − 0.55, p < 0.001), chair-stands in 30 s (β = − 0.50, p < 0.001), sit-ups in 30 s (r = − 0.45, p < 0.001), the sit-and reach test (r = − 0.46, p < 0.001) and the 2-min step test (r = − 0.19, p < 0.001), while fat mass was positively correlated with fasting blood glucose (β = 0.14, p = 0.004). In women, fasting blood glucose was significantly correlated with fat mass (β = 0.20, p = 0.002), fat-free mass (β = − 0.15, p = 0.014), push-ups in 30 s (β = − 0.49, p < 0.001), chair-stands in 30 s (β = − 0.43, p < 0.001), sit-ups in 30 s (β = − 0.52, p < 0.001), the sit-and reach test (β = − 0.40, p < 0.001) and the 2-min step test (β = − 0.35, p < 0.001). This study shows that fasting blood glucose may be predicted by health-related physical fitness test in war veterans.

The main purpose of the study was to analyze the associations between health-related physical fitness and fasting blood glucose in war veterans. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 764 men and women aged 45–75 years, who were part of the Homeland War between 1990 and 1995 (33.5% women). Health-related physical fitness included: 1) fat mass and fat-free mass (body composition), 2) push-ups in 30 sec (muscular dynamic endurance of upper extremities), 3) sit-ups in 30 sec (repetitive upper body strength), 4) chair-stands in 30 sec (lower body strength), 5) sit-and-reach test (flexibility) and 6) the 2-minute step test (cardiorespiratory function). Laboratory measurement of fasting blood glucose was performed according to standardized procedures in resting seated position after a 12-h overnight fast. Generalized estimating equations with multiple regression models were used to calculate the associations between health-related physical fitness and fasting blood glucose. In model adjusted for sex and age, fasting blood glucose was associated with fat mass (β = 0.12, p = 0.012), fat-free mass (β=-0.19, p < 0.001), push-ups in 30 sec (β=-0.19, p < 0.001), chair-stands in 30 sec (β=-0.15, p < 0.001), sit-ups in 30 sec (β=-0.21, p < 0.001), sit-and-reach test (β=-0.15, p < 0.001) and the 2-minute step test (β=-0.25, p < 0.001). The multiple regression model was strongly correlated with fasting blood glucose (R = 0.78, R2 = 0.61, standard error of the estimate = 0.88 mmol/L, p < 0.001). This study shows that fasting blood glucose may be predicted by health-related physical fitness test in war veterans.

Purpose: The 6 min walk test (6MWT) is used in clinical and epidemiological practice as a simple tool to evaluate the maximal aerobic exercise capacity (VO2max). To date, little evidence has been provided regarding regression equation models to predict VO2max in older adults. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to develop a reference equation to estimate objectively measured VO2max, based on the 6MWT, sex, age and body mass index (BMI). Patients and Methods: In this observational prospective study, we collected the data from 233 asymptomatic participants aged 60–80 years (52.4% women). VO2max and the 6MWT were measured using standardized protocols. BMI was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2). To be able to develop the predictive equation for VO2max, we used linear generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results: Older men performed better in VO2max (30.9 ± 8.8 vs. 26.3 ± 6.3 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001) and the 6MWT (673.9 ± 58.7 vs. 642.3 ± 48.0 m, p < 0.001), compared to women. VO2max was correlated with the 6MWT (r = 0.71, p < 0.001), sex (r = −0.29, p < 0.001), age (r = −0.62, p < 0.001) and BMI (r = −0.38, p < 0.001). The model to predict VO2max included: VO2max (mL/kg/min) = 59.44 − 3.83 *, sex (1—men; 2—women) − 0.56 *, age (years) − 0.48 *, BMI (kg/m2) + 0.04 *, and the 6MWT (m) (R = 0.85; R2 = 72.3%, SEE = 3.99 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The newly developed regression equation can be a guideline in clinical and epidemiological practice to predict the VO2max in apparently healthy older adults.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine separate and combined associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and musculoskeletal fitness (MF) with hypertension. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were 764 men and women aged 45–75 years, who were part of the Homeland War between 1990 to 1995 (33.5% women). CRF included the 2-min step test, while MF was consisted of push-ups in 30 s, chair-stands in 30 s and sit-ups in 30 s. The prevalence of hypertension was defined according to new American College of Cardiology and American Hearts Association Blood Pressure Guidelines for systolic and diastolic blood pressure of ≥130 mmHg and/or ≥80 mmHg. Results: In models adjusted for sex, age, fatness and fasting blood glucose, we found a graded inverse association between CRF and MF with hypertension. Less cardiorespiratory and muscular fit individuals were more likely to have hypertension. When CRF and MF were combined, individuals with high MF and low CRF, low MF and high CRF and low MF and CRF were 1.77, 2.15 and 7.09 more likely to have of hypertension. Conclusion: Both CRF and MF are associated with the prevalence of hypertension, while the magnitude of the associations between MF and hypertension was more pronounced.

Background Although absolute handgrip strength has been associated with health-related outcomes in older adults, little evidence has been provided regarding its adjustment by a variety of body size dimensions. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to establish the most appropriate normalization of handgrip strength by different body size parameters in a large sample of noninstitutionalized older adults. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 643 men and women aged > 60, who were part of the rehabilitation center facility program. Handgrip strength was objectively measured using a Jamar Plus* + Digital Hand Dynamometer. Body size parameters included body weight and height, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass and fat-free mass. The most appropriate parameter associated with handgrip strength was identified using allometry. Results Findings showed that the most appropriate body size parameter for handgrip strength normalization was height (allometric exponent: 0.85), compared to fat-free mass (0.26) and body mass (0.12). Other body size variables were not significantly associated with handgrip strength and were omitted from further analyses. The correlations between normalized handgrip strength were significant when handgrip strength was normalized by body mass and fat-free mass, while no significant correlations were found, when handgrip strength was normalized by body height. Conclusions Based on the study results, body height seems to be the best body size parameter for handgrip strength normalization in older adults, omitting the influence of body size on strength performance. If handgrip strength is measured, body height may help normalize strength for large-scale research.

Background Although absolute handgrip strength has been associated with health-related outcomes in older adults, little evidence has been provided regarding its adjustment by a variety of body size dimensions. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to establish the most appropriate normalization of handgrip strength by different body size parameters in a large sample of noninstitutionalized older adults. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 643 men and women aged > 60, who were part of the rehabilitation center facility program. Handgrip strength was objectively measured using a Jamar Plus* + Digital Hand Dynamometer. Body size parameters included body weight and height, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass and fat-free mass. The most appropriate parameter associated with handgrip strength was identified using allometry. Results Findings showed that the most appropriate body size parameter for handgrip strength normalization was height (allometric exponent: 0.85), compared to fat-free mass (0.26) and body mass (0.12). Other body size variables were not significantly associated with handgrip strength and were omitted from further analyses. The correlations between normalized handgrip strength were significant when handgrip strength was normalized by body mass and fat-free mass, while no significant correlations were found, when handgrip strength was normalized by body height. Conclusion Based on the study results, body height seems to be the best body size parameter for handgrip strength normalization in older adults, omitting the influence of body size on strength performance. If handgrip strength is measured, body height may help normalize strength for large-scale research.