This study was undertaken to determine the in vitro antifungal activities of super-hydrophobic nanoparticles (SHNPs), essential oils (EOs), and their mixtures (SHNPs/EOs). We have applied a thin layer of SHNPs in combination with various concentrations of three EOs: Arborvitae (Thuja plicata), Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). The mixtures were spread on the surface of different materials: whitewood, sandstone, and paper. The antifungal and protective properties of these SHNP and EO mixtures were evaluated. The parameter Rr (ratio of reflectivity) was determined to identify the color changes of substrates. Digital microscopy was used to measure the colonization area of molds and also their penetration in the analyzed materials. Surprisingly, the use of SHNPs alone showed a balanced compromise in order to inhibit the mold growth on assayed surfaces.
A historical crypt offers us a particular view of the conditions of some buried materials (in this case textiles) and the various biogenic phenomena to which they were subjected over the centuries. In addition, significant knowledge can come by studying the DNA of buried objects which allows the recognition of materials, but also to reveal some practice of the funeral ceremony. In this study, the deteriorating microbial communities colonizing various funeral textile items were identified and characterized using microscopic observation, cultivation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing, hydrolytic tests; and culture-independent analysis (high-throughput sequencing, MinION platform). Different PCR assays and consequent sequencing of amplicons were employed to recognize the animal origin of bodice reinforcements and the type of plant used to embellish the young girl. The analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA from animal and plant) was also completed by the application of high-throughput sequencing through Illumina platform. The combination of all these techniques permitted the identification of a complex microbiota composed by dangerous degradative microorganisms able to hydrolyze various organic substrates such as fibroin, keratin, and cellulose. Bacteria responsible for metal corrosion and bio-mineralization, and entomopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi. The analysis of aDNA identified the animal component used in bodice manufacturing, the plant utilized as ornament and probably the season of this fatal event.
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