No abstract

No abstract

It is well known that the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation is a very important integrable equation. Ablowitz and Musslimani introduced and investigated an integrable nonlocal NLS equation through inverse scattering transform. Very recently, we proposed an integrable nonlocal modified Korteweg-de Vries equation (mKdV) which can also be found in a paper of Ablowitz and Musslimani. We have constructed the Darboux transformation and soliton solutions for the nonlocal mKdV equation. In this paper, we will investigate further the nonlocal mKdV equation. We will give its exact solutions including soliton and breather through inverse scattering transformation. These solutions have some new properties, which are different from the ones of the mKdV equation.

In the present paper, we are concerned with the general localized solutions for the complex short pulse equation including soliton, breather and rogue wave solutions. With the aid of a generalized Darboux transformation, we construct the N -bright soliton solution in a compact determinant form, then the N -breather solution including the Akhmediev breather and a general higher order rogue wave solution. The first-and second-order rogue wave solutions are given explicitly and illustrated by graphs. The asymptotic analysis is performed rigourously for both the N -soliton and the Nbreather solutions. All three forms of the localized solutions admit either smoothed-, cusped-or looped-type ones for the CSP equation depending on the parameters. It is noted that, due to the reciprocal (hodograph) transformation, the rogue wave solution to the CSP equation is different from the one to the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation, which could be a cusponed-or a looped one.

The attempts to mediate iterative RAFT polymerization of ionic monomers through visible light irradiation in water at 20 °C is reported, in which complete conversions are attained in several tens of minutes and the propagation suspends/restarts immediately for multiple times on cycling irradiation. This technique suits the one-pot synthesis of NH2 /imidazole-based polymers with tuned structures from homo to random, block, random-block, and block-random-block, thus is robust and promising to control the sequence of the ionized water-soluble reactive copolymers.

Serum amyloid A (SAA), a major acute-phase protein, has potent cytokine-like activities in isolated phagocytes and synovial fibroblasts. SAA-induced proinflammatory cytokine gene expression requires transcription factors such as NF-κB; however, the associated epigenetic regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that Jmjd3, a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase, is highly inducible in SAA-stimulated macrophages and plays an important role in the induction of inflammatory cytokine genes. SAA-induced Jmjd3 expression leads to reduced H3K27 trimethylation. Silencing of Jmjd3 expression significantly inhibited SAA-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-23p19, G-CSF and TREM-1, along with up-regulation of H3K27 trimethylation levels on their promoters. Depletion of Jmjd3 expression also attenuated the release of proinflammatory cytokine genes in a peritonitis model and ameliorated neutrophilia in SAA-stimulated mice. Finally, we observed that Jmjd3 is essential for SAA-enhanced macrophage foam cell formation by oxidized LDL. Taken together, these results illustrate a Jmjd3-dependent epigenetic regulatory mechanism for proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in SAA-stimulate macrophages. This mechanism may be subject to therapeutic intervention for sterile inflammation and atherosclerosis.

Macrophages affect the magnitude and duration of inflammatory response in a functionally heterogeneous manner. The phenotype of macrophages is maintained through a reversible homeostatic mechanism. A number of determinants that modulate macrophage plasticity have been identified, although the precise mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we report that stimulation of isolated human blood monocytes and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages with human serum amyloid A (SAA), a major acute-phase protein, leads to induced expression of macrophage M2 markers including IL-10, Ym1, Fizz-1, MRC1, IL-1Rn and CCL17. The same effect was observed with macrophages exposed to SAA in peritoneal cavity. SAA also increases arginase 1 activity and enhances macrophage efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils in mouse macrophages. The induction of M2 markers requires MyD88 and the activation of multiple signaling pathways, but is independent of Stat6. SAA induces IRF4 expression and increases its DNA-binding activity. Silencing IRF4 by siRNA abrogates SAA-induced expression of the M2 markers. These results suggest a potential role for SAA to alter macrophage phenotype and modulate macrophage functions through a MyD88-dependent mechanism that involves IRF4-mediated transcription.

In this paper, we propose a complex short pulse equation of both focusing and defocusing types, which governs the propagation of ultra-short pulses in nonlinear optical fibers. It can be viewed as an analogue of the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation in the ultra-short pulse regime. Furthermore, we construct the multi-dark soliton solution for the defocusing complex short pulse equation through the Darboux transformation and reciprocal (hodograph) transformation. Oneand two-dark soliton solutions are given explicitly, whose properties and dynamics are analyzed and illustrated.