The article presents the results of a survey of the operating conditions and construction of groundwater wells for the population of Shchuchinsk, Akmola region. It was established that the owners of the wells did not comply with the sanitary and hygienic requirements for the choice of a land plot for the construction of a well, the conditions for their maintenance and the creation of sanitary protection zones. The analysis of the wells' water quality made it possible to formulate a conclusion about their unsuitability for the purposes of drinking water use. It is planned to conduct further systemic studies in different seasons of the year with an increase in the sample of research objects.
The increasing amount of municipal solid waste is one of the most urgent problems for many countries in the world, including Kazakhstan. In 2021, a new environmental code was adopted in the country. In accordance with this code, some types of garbage (such as plastic, paper, cardboard or glass) are not accepted at sanitary landfills. Besides this, a separate collection system of municipal solid waste in Kokshetau is practically absent, and only a few points for the collection of secondary raw materials are currently available. The state bodies are faced with the task of introducing dual waste collection technology. This work shows the results obtained by a sociological online survey performed among the residents of the city in order to identify their attitudes with respect to the separation and classification of waste. This survey allowed us to study the level of environmental awareness and interest in solving waste-related issues in the population of Kokshetau. The results show that the majority of the population is concerned about the problem of municipal waste management and is ready to cooperate on the classification of waste at the original source. Additionally, it was revealed that the survey participants have weak environmental knowledge, so it is necessary to conduct environmental education activities for the population. The existence of a statistically significant relationship between the variables under consideration in terms of the Pearson Chi-squared criterion was observed.
In this study, the authors obtained samples of biological fertilizer by thermophilic fermentation of substrates of different compositions. Two types of effluent were studied in the experiment: food plant waste with the addition of cattle manure and liquid pig manure with litter cattle manure. To activate the process of obtaining fertilizer, the Agrarka biological preparation was added containing a complex of microorganisms and bacteria that accelerate the decomposition process. A detailed chemical analysis of the liquid and solid fractions of the raw materials and the obtained products was carried out for the content of total phosphorus (P), carbon (C), potassium (K), nitrogen (N), ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + ), organic matter, dry matter, cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (Ar). The indicators of acidity and ash content were determined and microbiological analysis was carried out. The obtained results showed that the thermophilic temperature regime of fermentation accelerated the decomposition process, positively affected the total content of the main nutrients in the studied substrates, and negatively affected the vital activity of microorganisms. In two types of effluents, there was a significant increase in the level of ammonium nitrogen by up to 60%, a decrease in the total carbon content by 15-30%, and dry and organic matter by 10-12% in both liquid and solid phases. However, in the effluent from food plant waste with the addition of cattle manure, the indicators increased by 13% in total carbon and by 8.2% in dry matter, and the ash content was 3 times lower than in the second effluent. Thus, thermophilic fermentation obtained two types of effluents with high-quality indicators corresponding to environmental and sanitary standards, since the content of microorganisms and heavy metals did not exceed the permissible limits.
The developed version of the integrated technology for collection, sorting and processing of plastic bottles is recommended for settlements with a population not exceeding 50,000 people, with the prospect of separate collection of solid household waste and the prospect of consumption of products in plastic containers on average not less than 7 bottles per month per person. The proposed integrated technology for the collection and cryogenic crushing of PET containers, as studies have shown, is the most acceptable and effective for the Akmola region. The model for the installation of cryogenic grinding of PET containers requires further design work and the filing of documents for obtaining a patent. Focusing on the diversification of the economy of Kazakhstan, the existing enterprises for the collection and recycling of waste can independently deal with the output of end products in the form of threads, packaging or any other consumer goods.
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