TFDP and IFDP had short- and long-term positive effects on OHRQoL. RPDs positively affected OHRQoL in the short term. IFDP showed greater short-term improvement in OHRQoL than RPD and TFDP.

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Non-surgical endodontic retreatment is the treatment of choice for endodontically treated teeth with recurrent or residual disease in the majority of cases. In some cases, surgical endodontic treatment is indicated. Successful micro-surgical endodontic treatment depends on the accuracy of diagnosis, appropriate case selection, the quality of the surgical skills, and the application of the most appropriate haemostatic agents and biomaterials. This article describes the armamentarium and technical procedures involved in performing micro-surgical endodontics to a high standard.

Drought is a complex natural hazard. Its several adverse impacts are prevailing in almost all climatic zones around the world. In this regards, drought monitoring and forecasting play a vital role in making drought mitigation policies. Therefore, several drought monitoring tools based on probabilistic models had been developed for precise and accurate inferences of drought severity and its effects. However, risk of inaccurate determination of drought classes always exists in probabilistic models. To overcome this issue, we proposed a new system based Probabilistic Weighted Joint Aggregative Drought Index (PWJADI) criterion for three multi-scalar drought indices, namely Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation Temperature Index (SPTI), and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at one-month time scale. By the basic assumption of the Markov chain, the PWJADI is based on the temporal switched weights that are propagated from the transition probability matrix of each temporal classification of drought index. Application of the proposed method is made for three meteorological stations of Pakistan. We found that our proposed model has ability to restructure the drought classes by capturing and bending the information from the historical behaviour of each drought class. Consequently, to make accurate and precise drought mitigation policies, the proposed method may integrate into effective drought monitoring systems.

We study here the Lie symmetries, conservation laws, reductions, and new exact solutions of (2+1) dimensional Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK), Gardner Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (GKP), and Modified Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (MKP) equations. The multiplier approach yields three conservation laws for ZK equation. We find the Lie symmetries associated with the conserved vectors, and three different cases arise. The generalized double reduction theorem is then applied to reduce the third-order ZK equation to a second-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) and implicit solutions are established. We use the Sine-Cosine method for the reduced second-order ODE to obtain new explicit solutions of ZK equation. The Lie symmetries, conservation laws, reductions, and exact solutions via generalized double reduction theorem are computed for the GKP and MKP equations. Moreover, for the GKP equation, some new explicit solutions are constructed by applying the first integral method to the reduced equations.

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Abstract. Climate change and global warming scenario is likely to increase worsening drought across the World. Drought is a complex natural hazard, which is a composition of many factors such as hydrological, meteorological and agricultural. Accurate characterization of hydrological drought at regional level is challenging. Standardized Drought Indices (SDI) is commonly used method for drought characterization and monitoring. In this study, we proposed a hydrological drought index, which used improved monthly precipitation estimates under global warming scenario. As monthly precipitation records have significant role in regional drought characterization. Therefore, this research suggests auxiliary information as local weights to improve monthly precipitation records in terms of dependence characteristic of temperature with precipitation records under regression estimation settings. Consequently, we proposed a new method of hydrological drought assessment The Locally Weighted Standardized Precipitation Index (LWSDI). We assessed hydrological drought using LWSDI on 10 meteorological stations located in various climatological regions of Pakistan. We compared and evaluated performance of LWSDI with Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at 12-month time scale based on Pearson correlation. We found high positive correlation between the LWSDI and existing methods (SPI and SPEI). In summary, improved estimates of precipitation can strengthen drought monitoring system.