Abstract. Murdjoko A, Jitmau MM, Djitmau DA, Siburian RHS, Ungirwalu A, Wanma AO, Mardiyadi Z, Rumatora A, Mofu WY, Sineri AS, Fatem SM, Worabai D, May NL, Tokede MJ, Warmetan H, Wanggai CB, Wanma JF, Sirami EV, Paembonan JB, Unenor E, Kuswandi R, Lekitoo K, Khayati L, Benu NMH, Tambing J, Saragih ASB. 2020. Heterospecific and conspecific associations of trees in lowland tropical forest of New Guinea. Biodiversitas 21: 4405-4418. The vegetation in the tropical rainforest of New Guinea consists of a large number of species that interact with each other within and among species. While several studies have attempted to reveal the diversity of flora of New Guinea, little is known about plant communities that develop associations. This study aimed to investigate the associations of tree species in lowland tropical forest in New Guinea. The associations depicted in this study were in the form of conspecific associations (among small and large individuals within same species) and heterospecific (among individuals of different species and divided into under and upper story). We established 48 rectangular plots created in Murkim and Teiraplu as part of Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Papua Province. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to analyze heterospecific and conspecific associations. The results showed that the understory and upper story vegetation had different patterns of heterospecific association. The understory configured three heterospecific associations, consisting of 5, 13, and 90 species, while the upper story formed four heterospecific associations with 4, 8, 11, and 63 species. The analysis of conspecific associations showed of 149 tree species recorded in the study sites, only 66 species that had both small and large individuals, displaying the pattern of conspecific association. Among them, 41 species had positive associations while 25 species had negative associations. Our findings enrich the knowledge in theoretical ecology of tropical forests, especially in New Guinea.

Trees are significant components of ecosystems built by several widespread species. For instance, Papua forest is known to comprise abiotic and biotic elements. Also, certain plants have grown in popularity to a point where they are discovered almost everywhere. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate tree diversity, distribution, and the importance of conservation. Data were collected in four locations using a total of 24 sample plots spread across Idoor, Karst, Persemaian, and Torembi, where seven, four, seven, and five plots were allocated, respectively. These forests formed a mixed natural plantation comprising 76 species from 35 families. Furthermore, Idoor and Karst generated the highest species diversity and varied significantly compared to Persemaian, while Torembi showed similarities with the other three locations. This condition formed three ecosystem communities across Persemaian, Karst, Idoor, and Torembi. Also, the composition of the dominant species showed variations at the seedling and sapling levels believed to structure the understory, while the pole and tree levels characterized the overstory. The total species status was described as critically endangered (CR) of two species, vulnerable (VU) of six species, least concern (LC) of 28 species, and data deficient (DD) species. Therefore, location management is advised to not only pay significant attention in terms of economic benefits but also ecological, including the provisions for ex-situ and in-situ conservation to support sustainable forest management.

The biotic factors in tropical lowland forests, especially vegetation, are essential for the sustainable management of forest products. The study aimed to investigate the species richness and diversity of trees in Buah Hitam habitats, and study the tree communities formed by tree species by collecting the data from the habitats of Buah Hitam in Wondama Bay, West Papua, Indonesia viz. primary forest, secondary, and the garden with plots 9, 9, and 8 respectively. The species richness and diversity were higher in the primary forest than that in the secondary and garden. Tree communities indicated that the primary forest differed from the secondary and garden. The habitat types have been shaped as a result of anthropogenic activities for decades. This finding is necessary to set the consensual programs by the government and local people particularly in conservation and sustainable management for the three habitats.

Abstract. Murdjoko A, Djitmau DA, Sirami EV, Siburian RHS, Ungirwalu A, Mardiyadi Z, Wanma JF, Mofu WY, Marwa J, Susanti CME, Tokede MJ, Imburi CS, Sagrim M, Mamboai H, Sonbait LY, Dwiranti F, Salosa YY, Paembonan JB, Wiradyo ET, Unenor E, Benu NMH, Saragih ASB. 2021. Tree species diversity of Pegunungan Bintang, Papua, Indonesia as potency of wood supply. Biodiversitas 22: 5645-5655. The tropical rainforest is a primary global concern in many aspects. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the tree diversity in Pegunungan Bintang Forest, Papua, Indonesia. There are 10 dominant species from seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees, indicating the timber production potency. This study set systematic plots in Murkim and Teiraplu Sub-districts to collect taxonomic information, diameter, and clear bole height samples. The results showed that the forest was categorized as a tropical mixed due to diverse tree species. The leading plant families included Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, and Anacardiaceae, with various seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. The potency of timber was reflected through sample distribution using the reverse J-shaped curve, identifying the merchantable trees with larger and smaller diameters as re-established. However, timber utilization management requires silvicultural treatments using selective logging by diameter limit and logging cycle for forest sustainability.

Pasar Sanggeng, pasar Wosi, pelabuhan, PLTD (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Disel), perhotelan dan pemukiman penduduk yang terletak di pesisir Teluk Doreri Kota Manokwari, menjadi salah satu pusat aktivitas yang melayani kebutuhan masyarakat. Akibat adanya aktivitas yang tinggi tersebut menyebabkan pembungan sampah-sampah organik dan anorganik tidak terawasi atau terkontrol dengan baik. Kondisi ini berlangsung secara terus menerus setiap hari sehingga dapat menyebabkan terjadi degradasi kualitas perairan. Tujuan Penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui status kualitas perairan di Teluk Doreri Kabupaten Manokwari. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan Agustus tahun 2016 bertempat di Laboratorium Kelautan, Ilmu Kelautan Unipa dan Laboratorium Prolink IPB Bogor. Lokasi pengambilan sampel air di sekitar perairan Sawaibu, Wosi, Andai, Sowi dan Perairan Maruni. Data parameter yang diambil melalui pengukuran langsung dan tidak langsung. Pengukuran secara langsung meliputi parameter salinitas, pH, suhu dan oksigen terlarut. Sedangkan pengukuran tidak langsung dengan cara mengambil sampel air. Pengambilan sampel air digunakan untuk penentuan parameter kekeruhan, nitrat, fosfat dan logam berat. Sampel air tersebut langsung dimasukan dalam botol polyetelin dan dikirim ke Prolink IPB Bogor untuk dianalisis. Pengukuran mengacu pada Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1998). Hasil penelitian dari lima lokasi di perairan Teluk Doreri berkisar antara 0,17 – 6,16 NTU untuk kekeruhan, 4,64 – 5,04 untuk pH, 5,1 -6 mg/L untuk oksigen terlarut, 30 – 33 ‰ untuk salinitas, 29, 8 – 30,6 oC untuk suhu air, 0,1 -0,8 mg/L untuk nitrat dan fosfat berkisar 0,08 – 0,16 mg/L. Hasil logam berat cadmium (Cd) menunjukan potensi toksik yang tinggi bagi biota perairan di Teluk Doreri. Parameter logam berat cadmium, nitrat dan fosfat sangat mengkuatirkan serta dapat menyebabkan gangguan terhadap lingkungan khususnya bagi biota perairan. Parameter – parameter tersebut telah melampaui baku mutu yang ditetapkan kementerian lingkungan hidup no 51 tahun 2004.WATER QUALITY IN THE DORERI BAY DISTRICT MANOKWARI. Traditional markets (Pasar Sanggeng and Wosi), port, PLTD (Power Plant), hotels and residential areas are located in the cost of Doreri bay in Manokwari district. Activities in those areas create organic and inorganic wastes that have been used the Doreri bay as a water dump. The waste has been dumped since long time ago and continue up to nowadays.  That cause water quality degradation of Doreri bay. The research objective was to determine the status of water quality in Doreri Bay, Manokwari Regency. The water quality study has been carried out in August 2016 in Marine laboratory of UNIPA and Prolink laboratory in IPB. Water samples collected from Sawaibu, Wosi, Andai, Sowi and Maruni beach.  Data were divided base on the data collection which is directly and indirectly collected. Water salinity, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen are direct data collection. Turbidity, nitrate, phosphate and heavy metals are indirect data collection that has been analyzed in Prolink IPB. The water has been analyses by using Standard Method for Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1998). The results show that turbidity of five areas range from 0.17 to 6.16 NTU, pH range from 4.64 to 5.04, dissolved oxygen between 5.1 -6 mg/L, water salinity range from 30-33%, water temperature between 29, 8 - 30.6 oC, 0.1 -0.8 mg/L for nitrate and phosphate between 0.08 - 0.16 mg/L. Heavy metal (cadmium) showed high potential toxic risk on the biota of Doreri bay. Cadmium, nitrate, and phosphate are a heavy metal that categorized as concerned pollutant to the Dorery bay. Those heavy metal have been exceeded the water quality standard base on Ministry of environment number 51-2004.

Mangrove at Bintuni bay offers various services to indigenous communities from ecology, social, and economic. Mangrove also could be harvested accordingly to optimize contributions to indigenous communities welfares. This paper highlights implementation of customary right compensation (CRC), and Forest Villages Development programs (FVDP) of mangrove company at Bintuni Bay, Papua Barat. Company reports and documents related to CRC and FVDP from 1988 to June 2013 were reviewed and analyzed. Field works were conducted to examine the implementation of both programs at four villages of two districts. Sustained mangrove harvest for chipwood production in Bintuni bay for more than 25 years is the most outstanding achievement of mangrove utilization and management in Indonesia. Huge amount of expenditure have been spent out, and given to indigenous communities through the CRC and FVDP programs, respectively. These cover from economic, social, and environmental related programs, manufactured public facilities, scholarships, and others. However, the indigenous communities are remained poor, and failed of being self-sufficient community. It clearly impresses that the main goals to improve the welfare, prosperity of indigenous people are considerable failed. It is presumably that social culture systems, and subsistence agriculture practices contribute to the failing these programs. Mostly, forest communities in Papua are practicing subsistence agriculture, hunting, heavily relying on their surrounding natural resources, and spending all their cash or money instantly for consumption, not for saving, investments or even productive activities. Therefore, several program could be initiated to improve in achieving the CRC and FVDP missions, such as building capacity, providing counselors and strengthen local community governance, which could accelerate of being self-reliant community.

As the largest archipelagic state in the world, Indonesia has the largest mangrove forest in the world. Unfortunately, Indonesia is also listed as the country with the largest mangrove loss in the world. Mangrove forests in Belawan and their surroundings are also damaged and need restoration. The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a technology that can assist monitor mangrove ecosystems in more detail. The objective of this study was to identify land cover in the Belawan Mangrove Ecosystem restoration area. The land cover analysis used aerial photo analysis from drones using the maximum likelihood classification method. Field surveys were conducted to obtain the accuracy of land cover analysis from aerial photographs. They were also conducted to find the types of trees that grow in the Belawan Mangrove Ecosystem, Medan. There are four types of land cover based on the classification results using the maximum likelihood method, including mangroves, water bodies, ponds, and settlements. The classification results obtained an overall accuracy test result of 92%. Restoration efforts are needed by mangrove area managers considering that non-forest land in the form of ponds and water bodies is still quite wide.

Ethnotecnoconservation ideally occurs when humans must repeatedly adjust to the natural system and must allow the forest environment to be present in the minds of the people themselves. This study aims to construct the local wisdom of the Arfak ethnics in the utilization and preservation of Bowerbird in the Arfak Mountains Nature Reserve area. From 9 (nine) clever bird nests found in Mt. Kongoi Mokwam, were found symbols of the local cultural ethics of the Arfak ethnic from the process of adaptation and interaction with the natural environment. The results of the study found that local wisdom in the use and conservation of smart birds is a process of social creation. The adaptation of Arfak's social creation to the environment will produce forms of interaction that initially focus on the use of subsistence fulfillment, then turn to local conservation concepts in the form of a prohibited symbol in the form of animal and plant body parts that are affected by changes in the natural environment and the presence of outsiders in determining changes to the conservation of bowerbirds. The symbolization of the prohibited sign is a manifestation of the Arfak ethnic etnontnoconservation in supporting the concept of "Igya ser Hanjob" which is to maintain the limits of the presence of bowerbirds in the CA Arfak Mountains region as their identity and entity which is still maintained today.