Silymarin (SL), a flavonolignan complex isolated from seeds of Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), is known for its hepatoprotective, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. A glycopeptide antibiotic, Vancomycin (VA) which is used for the treatment of serious infections caused by multi-resistant Gram-positive microorganisms has been clinically used for a long time. The aim of the present study was to evaluate potential therapeutic efficiency of SL against VA-induced apoptosis and inflammation using apoptotic (caspase-3, -8, and, -9 enzyme activities) and inflammatory (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) markers, and histopathological examinations in rat liver.
Background and Aims: The polymorphisms in genes encoding xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes may change the metabolic activation of various xenobiotics and therefore may affect individuals' susceptibility to xenobiotics-induced toxic effects. Cytochrome P450 2A13 (CYP2A13) is an important CYP enzyme predominantly expressed in the human respiratory tract. CYP2A13 metabolizes the xenobiotics and bioactivation of several carcinogens. The present study aimed to determine the allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2A13 3375C>T polymorphism in a Turkish population and also to compare the obtained results with those of various populations. Methods: CYP2A13 3375C>T polymorphism was determined in 93 healthy Turkish individuals using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length method. Results: The frequencies of CC, CT and TT genotypes were 89.2%, 9.7% and 1.1%, respectively. The frequencies of C and T alleles were 94.1% and 5.9%, respectively. The genotype frequencies did not deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Significant differences were observed when comparing the results found with those of various populations, especially those of populations with black ancestry (excluding Tunisian). Conclusion:This study can provide valuable data for further studies investigating the role of this polymorphism concerning the susceptibility to xenobiotics-induced toxic effects, including cancer, and may be used as a control group for such studies and also may contribute to toxicogenetic and epidemiological studies.
Objectives: ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a major superfamily of drug transporters and provide active transport of diverse substrates across cell membranes of several cell types. Genetic variations that affect function in ABCC2 gene may alter therapeutic outcome and the risk of toxicity to substrate drugs. The goal of the current survey was to ascertain the allele and genotype frequencies of ABCC2 1249G>A polymorphism in a Turkish population and to compare the findings obtained with the frequencies of previously reported populations. Methods: The frequencies of the ABCC2 1249G>A gene polymorphism were determined in 101 healthy Turkish individuals using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Results: The frequencies of GG, GA and AA genotypes were 67.3%, 28.7% and 4.0%, respectively. The frequencies were 81.7% for G allele and 18.3% for A allele. The frequencies of genotypes were in concurrence with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. Significant distinctions were observed in the comparison of the study data with the results of some populations of East and South Asian ancestries. Conclusions: The current study presents the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of ABCC2 1249G>A polymorphism in the Turkish population. As far as is known, this is the first study about the frequencies of the ABCC2 1249G>A polymorphism in the Turkish population. This study may ensure valuable information for evaluating interindividual differences in drug response, estimating adverse reactions and improving disease management, briefly, it can contribute to pharmacogenetic and epidemiological studies.
Background/Aim: Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), a major group of phase II enzymes, play a significant role in the detoxification and metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds. The objective of the survey was to identify the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of GSTA1 -69C>T (rs3957357) polymorphism in a healthy Turkish population and compare the determined frequencies with those in various populations. Methods: Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods were used to analyze GSTA1 -69C>T polymorphism in DNA samples of 105 healthy Turkish individuals. Results: The distribution of GSTA1 CC, CT, and TT genotype frequencies were 32.4%, 48.6% and 19.0%, respectively while the allele frequencies were 56.7% for C allele and 43.3% for T allele. The findings obtained were compared with the results of various populations. The frequencies of GSTA1 -69C>T polymorphism were similar to those of the African American population and the populations with White ancestry, but significantly different from those reported for the populations with Asian ancestry. Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to present the frequencies of the GSTA1 -69C>T polymorphism among Turkish individuals. The findings of the current study may provide a perspective for further studies exploring the role of GSTA1 -69C>T polymorphism on predisposition to diverse illnesses such as cancer and may be used as a control group for such studies. In addition, this study might contribute to epidemiological and toxicogenetic investigations.
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