Our aim in this study was to compare the depression and anxiety risk in patients with AS and healthy controls and also to determine the relationship between disease activity, quality of life and psychological well-being. Two hundred and forty-three patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and 118 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls were enroled into the study. Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), and Functional Index, and Metrology Index, Health Assessment Questionnaire for Spondyloarthropathies (HAQ-S), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) including depression subscale (HADS-D) and anxiety subscale (HADS-A), Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQoL) Scale, duration of morning stiffness, pain-visual analogue scale (VAS), patient and physician's global assessment of disease activity (100 mm VAS) were used to assess clinical and psychological status. Patients had similar HADS-D but higher HADS-A than healthy controls. Patients with high risk for depression and anxiety had higher scores in BASDAI, BASFI and also poorer scores in VAS pain, patient global assessment, physician global assessment, HAQ-S and ASQoL. There was a negative correlation of HADS-D and HADS-A scores with educational level of the patients. Higher scores in HADS-D and HADS-A indicated poorer functional outcome and quality of life. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the HADS-D (OR=6.84), HAQ-S (OR=1.76), VAS pain score (OR=1.03) and ESR (OR=1.02) were independent risk factors for higher anxiety scores whereas HADS-A (OR=1.36) and ASQoL (OR=1.24) were independent risk factors for higher depression scores. The psychological status had close interaction with disease activity and quality of life in patients with AS.

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the therapeutic effect of three different combinations in the conservative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) by means of clinical and electrophysiological studies. The combinations included tendon- and nerve-gliding exercises in combination with splinting, ultrasound treatment in combination with splinting and the combination of ultrasound, splinting, tendon- and nerve-gliding exercises. A total 28 female patients (56 wrists) with clinical and electrophysiologic evidence of bilateral CTS were studied. In all patient groups, the treatment combinations were significantly effective immediately and 8 weeks after the treatment. The results of the long-term patient satisfaction questionnaire revealed that symptomatic improvement is more prominent in the group treated with splinting, exercise and ultrasound therapy combination. Our results suggest that a combination of splinting, exercise and ultrasound therapy is a preferable and an efficacious conservative type of treatment in CTS.

In patients with AS, the most significant variables associated with QoL were BASDAI, BASFI, fatigue and pain. ASQoL was noted to be a short, rapid and simple patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument and strongly correlated with SF-36 subscales.

JOAS and AOAS had distinctive courses and Turkish patients with AS had similar features compared to other Caucasian patient populations.

Objective: To assess and compare serum nitrate and nitrite levels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: Thirty five patients with RA, 32 patients with AS, and 36 patients with OA were entered into this study. In addition, 30 healthy volunteers acted as a control group. Concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in serum were determined by direct and indirect Griess reactions. C reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels were determined as markers of systemic activity of disease (SAD) in RA and AS groups. Results: Serum nitrate and nitrite levels were found to be higher in patients with AS and RA than in the OA group (p<0.01). In addition, serum nitrate and nitrite levels were higher in all three groups than in the control group (p<0.01). Moreover, serum nitrate and nitrite levels were higher in patients who had SAD than in those who had not in the RA and AS groups (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively), and there was a correlation between serum nitrate and nitrite concentrations and SAD variables in patients with RA (Spearman's r s =0.414, p<0.05 and r s =0.408, p<0.05, respectively) and AS (r s =0.421, p<0.05 and r s =0.412, p<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: The findings suggest that nitrate and nitrite production is enhanced in patients with inflammatory arthritis compared with OA. In addition, serum nitrate and nitrite levels are enhanced in patients with RA, AS, and OA compared with healthy subjects. Furthermore, there is a correlation between the SAD variables and serum nitrate and nitrite levels in patients with RA and AS. P revious studies on nitric oxide (NO), which is an inorganic, gaseous free radical, produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), have suggested that it has several physiological roles, including the regulation of platelet function, neurotransmission, and the killing of intracellular pathogens.

Background: Falls among the elderly are associated with a high morbidity and mortality and can involve high-cost medical interventions. The risk of falls often remains undiagnosed until an episode occurs but if the risk is high, preventative measures could be introduced. Objectives: This 6-month prospective study investigated whether different postural clinical measures and fear of falling (FOF) itself can predict future falls in postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years. Methods: 125 postmenopausal women were studied comparing the outcome of fallers vs. non-fallers within the 6-month follow-up study period. Clinical measures, history of falls and FOF data were determined at baseline and the number of falls and FOF were ascertained at the final visit or by telephone interview at 6 months. Results: Of the clinical measures investigated, the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) >26 points (OR = 7.28, per additional point, 95% CI 2.25–23.61, p = 0.001) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) ≤52 points (OR = 4.77, per additional point, 95% CI = 1.15–19.82, p = 0.031) performed best in prediction of the future falls. Conclusions: Postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years who had FES-I scores >26 points and BBS ≤52 points should be examined for risk factors of future falls and offered preventative measures.

Further data pertaining to other countries would be interesting to uncover whether ethnic differences also affect cartilage thickness. Collaborative use of MSUS seems to be promising in this regard.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases that lead to serious disability. The objective of this study was to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients with RA and AS who were treated in tertiary hospitals in Turkey and to analyze their current medical management. A total of 562 RA and 216 AS patients were evaluated. The mean age of RA patients was 52.1 +/- 12.6 years. The female to male ratio was 3.7:1. Of the RA patients, 72.2% had positive rheumatoid factor (RF), 62.9% had high C-reactive protein, and 75.2% had radiological erosion. The ratio of patients with Disease Activity Score (DAS) 28 >3.2 was 73.9% and of those with Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) > or =1.5 was 20.9%. There was a statistically significant increase in RF positivity and HAQ scores in the group with higher DAS 28 score. Frequency of extraarticular manifestations was 22.4%. The ratio of the patients receiving disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) was 93.1%, and 6.9% of the patients were using anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocking agents. In AS, the mean age of the patients was 38.1 +/- 10.6, and the female to male ratio was 1:2.5. The time elapsed between the first symptom and diagnosis was 4.3 years. The ratio of peripheral joint involvement was 29.4%. Major histocompatibility complex, class I, B 27 was investigated in 31.1% of patients and the rate of positivity was 91%. In 52.4% of the patients, Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) was > or =4. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Bath AS Functional Index, and peripheral involvement were significantly higher in the group with BASDAI > or =4. Frequency of extraarticular involvement was 21.2% in AS patients. In the treatment schedule, 77.5% of AS patients were receiving sulphasalazine, 15% methotrexate, and 9.9% anti-TNF agents. Despite widespread use of DMARD, we observed high disease activity in more than half of the RA and AS patients. These results may be due to relatively insufficient usage of anti-TNF agents in our patients and therefore these results mostly reflect the traditional treatments. In conclusion, analysis of disease characteristics will inform us about the disease severity and activity in RA and AS patients and could help in selecting candidate patients for biological treatments.