This research paper aims to understand the impact of corporate governance (CG) on economic, social, and environmental sustainability disclosures. This paper adopted an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach. The data regarding corporate governance and sustainability disclosure were collected from top 100 companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE) for the period ranging from 2012 to 2015. In addition to the quantitative data, we collected qualitative data through interviews with five board members of different companies. Overall, our results indicate that CG elements enhance sustainability disclosures. This study concludes that a large board size consisting of a female director and a CSR committee (CSRC) is better able to check and control management decisions regarding sustainability issues (be they economic, environment, or social) and resulted in better sustainability disclosure. This paper, through quantitative and qualitative analysis, provides a methodological and empirical contribution to the literature on corporate governance and sustainability reporting in emerging and developing countries.

The aim of this research is to investigate the link between different proxies of social visibility such as company size, company profitability, environmental sensitivity, and multinational subsidiary with CSR disclosure. This study used a content analysis method to extract CSR-related information from the annual reports of 253 listed companies of Pakistan. The collected data was analyzed through a multiple linear pooled regression analysis technique. The results showed that company size, company profitability, environmental sensitivity, and to be a multinational subsidiary have a significant positive relationship with CSR disclosure. This indicates that different aspects of corporate social visibility are associated with CSR disclosure. We assert that highly socially visible companies, prone to pressures from various actors of the society such as the media, NGOs, the government, and other stakeholders, appear to disclose CSR information to manage relationships with these actors.

The primary purpose of the study is to explore the antecedents of corporate social and environmental responsibilities discourse practices in Pakistan. The industry sensitivity, government shareholding, block holder ownership, print media coverage, environmental monitoring programs, and strategic posture are examined as antecedents of corporate social and environmental responsibility practices. A multidimensional theoretical perspective namely stakeholder theory (ST), institutional theory (IT), agency theory (PAT), and legitimacy theory (LT) is used to conceptualize the phenomena. All the four of perspective theories (positive accounting theory, legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory, and institutional theory) claim that there are ‘pressures’ that impact the organization. How much ‘pressures’ are recognized, managed or satisfied differs from one perspective of theory to the other. To estimate the data, this study uses three sets of panel data models, i.e., the pooled ordinary least squares model (POLS) or constant coefficients model, fixed effects (FEM or least squares dummy variable/LSDV model) and random-effects models. The final sample is comprising of 173 firms over eight years from 2011 to 2017. The firms listed in PSX are included in the sample. Overall the findings of the study have shown agreement with the proposed results. However, the study has provided more support to the institutional theory and stakeholder theory. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Stakeholders Theory, Agency Theory, Pakistan

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review existing dominant theoretical perspectives used in corporate social and environmental accounting research, identify their limitations and to suggest some alternative theoretical perspectives for further research. Methodology: In order to identify relevant research papers, on the use of different theoretical perspectives on corporate social and environmental accounting research, published in academic journals, different keywords were searched in google scholar. Research papers were then shortlisted according to their relevance to the topic. The results: Among all theoretical frameworks, there is a great variety but accounting researchers remained selective in heir use of the theory and some other aspects of the theory remained unexplored. Apart from this narrow application, repeated application of same theories, especially legitimacy and stakeholder theory) provide very little additional insights. Implication: The dominant theoretical perspectives on CSER do not fully capture the complexity of the phenomenon. This situation demands researchers to explore alternative theoretical perspectives for better and insightful research. The main contribution of this paper is that it suggests the theory of realistic evaluation (RE) and the institutional logics perspective (ILP) as alternative sociological perspectives. This paper invites future researchers to apply these theoretical frameworks and to explore their usefulness.

PurposeThis study seeks to deepen the understanding of the political process underlying the establishment and evolution of corporate governance (CG) regulations in a developing country.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on regulatory space concept (Hancher and Moran, 1989) and Oliver's (1991) typology of strategic responses, the authors identify which actor participated in and benefitted from the establishment of a new transnational CG regulation in Pakistan. Data were collected through interviews and from the published secondary sources.FindingsThe findings highlighted regulations are being influenced and shaped up by the political process of negotiation, bargaining, manipulation and domination between powerful and resourceful actors in a given regulatory space. National regulators and regulatees can be indeed fervent opponents to the transnational regulations when it comes to protecting their well-rooted national interests.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the accounting literature by illustrating political processes through which internationally recognised CG practices are resisted, negotiated and implemented in the developing countries. The regulator must pay attention that the outcome of the regulatory change process is the result of carefully crafted and conscious strategies of actors in the regulatory space.

The Ups and downs in Indian economy are well known to everyone. This is a routine phase and our economy boost up month after month year after year. The Central bank of our country R.B.I. is look after all the policies relating to money credit, investment and deposits. Before two years the Government of our country took a step of demonetization the results of demonetization are not good enough. The government also introduces GST sometimes back and the taxes are levied by the government on some sectors are very much this is also one of the main reasons of Economic slowdown in our country. In our country GST slab is not equal and it is not uniform on all the commodities our fuel prices are not covered under GST due to this we have to pay a heavy amount in the use of petroleum products. In every sector for example Auto mobile sector, FMCG sector Property sector there is a slowdown and the buyers have no money to buy the products.

This article expands current knowledge by assessing how transformational leadership influences IT business strategy alignment. Unexplored in earlier studies, the article discloses the role that environmental turbulence plays in this association. Developed through an extensive literature survey, the conceptual model is empirically tested, with survey data collected from managerial employees. The results show that, first, the transformation leadership style can lead to a favorable IT business strategy alignment. Second, the IT business strategy alignment has a significant positive effect on EIS adaptation. Third, environment turbulence positively moderates the relations among IT business strategy alignment and EIS adaptation. This study not only extends the current knowledge, but also provides useful managerial implications for the banking sector organizations of Pakistan.

Research objectives: The main objective of this paper was to understand the diffusion of CG codes around the world. More specifically this paper examined what types of CG codes have emerged around the world? What causes the diffusion of shareholder centric model of CG around the world? What areas are still unexplained to better understand the diffusion of CG? Findings: This paper presented that pure economics and legitimacy reasons alone or together are not sufficient to explain the dynamics of how corporate governance reforms emerged and developed in different contexts. This study assumes that it is important to move the debate beyond the efficiency/legitimacy and convergence/divergence dichotomy and pay more attention to the process of emergence and development of corporate governance reforms. Implications: Prior institutional research ignores countries' internal dynamics that can play an important role in shaping corporate governance reforms. The corporate governance model cannot exist in isolation; each country has its own unique institutional arrangements and can influence the process of diffusion. There is some consensus amidst corporate governance scholars that "the-one-size-fits-all" rule is flawed, and thus a wide diversity of approaches of corporate governance should be expected due to vast differences in national contexts where firms are embedded (Cuervo, 2002, Reaz and Hossain, 2007). Policy makers and researchers should consider broader institutional dynamics related to macro and micro institutional processes while developing and understanding CG diffusion around the world.