Landscape aesthetic research that emerged from the second half of the 20th century has become increasingly appreciated and popular in the last few decades. There are two main reasons for this. On the one hand, it was recognized the role of landscape aesthetics in land use and environmental planning, management and conservation. On the other hand, its definition among Cultural Ecosystem Services has made it clear that landscape aesthetics has significant impact on human well-being and there is a need to examine it in the concept of Ecosystem Services and, in particular, Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES). The mapping of landscape aesthetics is mostly based on the exclusive evaluation of objective, biophysical landscape factors. The aim of the research was to create the landscape aesthetic map of Hungary with a novel method based on human perception. For this, a questionnaire survey and a GIS approach were used. In order to better understand the role of factors influencing the aesthetic value of the landscape, value maps separately for land cover and elevation that are decisive for the landscape experience were prepared. To validate the results of the maps, and contribute a better understanding of the interrelationship between CES, a certain tourism product was chosen, and the connection between landscape aesthetics and the offer of rural tourism was examined in Hungary and in the Danube Bend priority tourism development area. Our findings show that there is a difference in the results of the objective (GIS-based) and subjective (questionnaire-based) assessment of landscape aesthetic value with the more important role of elevation in the latter. According to our tourism product-based analysis, which represents a niche approach in its kind, landscape values are higher in the areas with rural accommodation. At the same time, based on the results of the Danube Bend region, it can also be concluded that elevation and land cover together are crucial factors in landscapes considered to be the most valuable in aesthetic terms. The most direct practical application of our research is to orientate further tourism development of the new Danube Bend area designated in 2017.
A korszerű energiaellátás biztosítása a vidéki térségek modernizációjának letéteményese. A villamosenergia-hálózat XX. század folyamán megvalósított kiépítése, a „falvak villamosítása”, Magyarországon is alapvető változásokat hozott a vidéki társadalom életében. A modernizáció akkoriban is együtt járt a településkép átalakulásával, a villanypóznák, a légvezetékek és a transzformátorházak a falusi miliő szerves részévé váltak. A fenntartható fejlődés égisze alatt napjainkban észlelhető energiatakarékossági törekvések újabb színfoltokkal gazdagítják a rurális látképet. A falvak környezeti és településmorfológiai sajátosságai kedvező feltételeket kínálnak a megújuló energia hasznosításához. A korszerűséget tükröző napelemek, napkollektorok, kisebb szélturbinák fokozatosan a falusi udvarok megszokott kellékei lesznek. A megújuló energiát előállító objektumok elterjedésében az átlagosnál nagyobb energia-igényű falusi szálláshelyeknek élenjáró szerep jut. A falusi szállásadók, a szolgáltatást nyújtó vállalkozók egy része felismerte a megújuló energiában rejlő, és a társadalmi felelősségvállalásban testet öltő üzleti lehetőségeket. A komplex, a marketingkommunikációban és a vendégelégedettségben is tükröződő hasznosítás azonban még várat magára. Az Európai Unió által Magyarország számára 2020-ra előirányzott 13%-os megújuló energiafelhasználás teljesítéséhez a falusi turizmus is érdemben hozzájárulhat.
The impact of tourism activities. A point of view. The tourism, as a phenomenon of local to global impact, and complex activity with complex effects, from the economic to the social ones and, not least with influence on the environment, determined a new way of cohabitation between the natural and anthropic and anthropogenic environment through tourism. Its bipolar character-phenomenon and business-has given it a particular position among other categories of activities, such as generating flows of tourism product consumers, from the area of origin, or the tourist market, to the tourist's destination area, including touristic attractions belonging to the natural and man-made environment, or primary touristic offers, which includes the tourism infrastructure with different size and complexity. This study attempts to capture the complexity and extent of this phenomenon, with multiple effects, having a spatially and temporally complex and phasing evolution, summarized in five stages, starting from the phase of pre-tourism to the one of maximum and complex development, until the saturation and decline phase, with the possibility of a new cycle re-enactment.
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