Major changes in the vertebrate anatomy have preceded the conquest of land by the members of this taxon, and continuous changes in limb shape and use have occurred during the later radiation of tetrapods. While the main, conserved mechanisms of limb development have been discerned over the past century using a combination of classical embryological and molecular methods, only recent advances made it possible to identify and study the regulatory changes that have contributed to the evolution of the tetrapod appendage. These advances include the expansion of the model repertoire from traditional genetic model species to non-conventional ones, a proliferation of predictive mathematical models that describe gene interactions, an explosion in genomic data and the development of high-throughput methodologies. These revolutionary innovations make it possible to identify specific mutations that are behind specific transitions in limb evolution. Also, as we continue to apply them to more and more extant species, we can expect to gain a fine-grained view of this evolutionary transition that has been so consequential for our species as well.
Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine is a rare type of cancer in Hungary as well as in the world. It is more commonly found in patients with coeliac disease (lymphoma) and in hereditary bowel cancer syndromes (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, and Peutz-Jegher syndrome). Due to the relatively featureless presentation there is usually a few months delay in diagnosis of the disease In addition, small bowel cancer is frequently diagnosed on laparotomy only. We analyzed the small bowel malignancies treated in our department in the last 3 years from the point of view of incidence, preoperative evaluation, surgical intervention, and pathology. All patients were admitted as emergencies, so they underwent rapid investigations, and emergency or semi-emergency surgical interventions. Importantly, preoperative investigations helped to establish operative indication only rather than providing exact diagnosis. The operative procedure was small bowel resection in all cases. Pathological diagnosis included GIST, adenocarcinoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma as well.
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