Objective Stigma towards people with mental health problems is a growing issue across the world, to which healthcare providers might contribute. The aim of the present study was to explore psychiatrists’ attitudes towards their patients and link them to psychosocial and professional factors. Methods An online questionnaire was used to approach the in- and outpatient psychiatric services across Hungary. A total of 211 trainees and specialists in adult and child psychiatry participated in our study. Their overall stigmatizing attitudes were measured, with focus on attitude, disclosure and help-seeking, and social distance dimensions by using the self-report Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to elucidate the dimensions of stigma and its association with sociodemographic, professional and personal traits. Results Stigmatizing attitudes of close colleagues towards patients were statistically significant predictors of higher scores on the attitude [B = 0.235 (0.168–0.858), p = 0.004], the disclosure and help-seeking subscales [B = 0.169 (0.038–0.908), p = 0.033], and the total score of the OMS-HC [B = 0.191 (0.188–1.843), p = 0.016]. Psychiatrists who had already sought help for their own problems had lower scores on the disclosure and help-seeking subscale [B = 0.202 (0.248–1.925), p = 0.011]. The overall stigmatizing attitude was predicted by the openness to participate in case discussion, supervision or Balint groups [B = 0.166 (0.178–5.886), p = 0.037] besides the more favorable attitudes of their psychiatrist colleagues [B = 0.191 (0.188–1.843), p = 0.016]. Conclusions The favorable attitudes of psychiatrists are associated with their own experiences with any kind of psychiatric condition, previous help-seeking behavior and the opportunity to work together with fellow psychiatrists, whose attitudes are less stigmatizing. The perception of fellow colleagues’ attitudes towards patients and the openness to case discussion, supervision and Balint groups were the main two factors that affected the overall attitudes towards patients; therefore, these should be considered when tailoring anti-stigma interventions for psychiatrists.
The dynamic behaviour of bent reinforced concrete beams in elastic range is significantly influenced by cracks caused by former loads. Considering this fact a more accurate calculation of the eigenfrequencies of the beams is available. Experiments have shown that the features of vibration differ from the results obtained by the well-known linear model, if cracked zones exist. The cause of this phenomenon is that the bending rigidity of the cross-sections in the cracked range depends on the sign of the actual bending moment. Therefore the vibration shows non-linear characteristics in the elastic range as well. The dynamic behavior of bent prestressed concrete beams is similar. The dynamic characteristics of prestressed beams besides cracks is influenced also by the intensity and eccentricity of the axial force. For a detailed investigation of the problem, experiments and non-linear analysis were performed. On the basis of these the virtual eigenfrequencies of the non-linear vibrations were determined
In case of construction investments, the cost estimation was always important. The reason for this is that after the planning, the most important issue is the cost of the investment. There are many different estimation methods. These estimates may vary in depth, depending on the task and the plan. The question is what happens if we wanted to predict not only the total cost of the investment but also the cost of some parts and structures. Such a cost element is the formwork cost of the monolithic reinforced concrete structures. This is a special processing aid, which makes it difficult to calculate accurately. The study is based on a cost analysis of the construction of 22 completed buildings over the last 10 years. Here, the cost of the formwork was compared to the total cost of the construction. By examining the 22 buildings together, we made findings over the years. We wanted to find out how much the construction price changes affected the structure and the formwork costs. The other direction of our research was the cost analysis within each building type, focusing on the formwork. In this analysis, we defined six types of buildings, such as detached, dwelling, condominium, public, office buildings, and other types of buildings. This study does not include the cost of the formwork types specific to each component, but from the foundation to the ascending structures, it analyses them in a single system.
The dynamic behaviour of bent reinforced concrete beams in elastic range is significantly influenced by cracks caused by former loads. Considering this fact a more accurate calculation of the eigenfrequencies of the beams is available. Experiments have shown that the features of vibration differ from the results obtained by the well-known linear model, if cracked zones exist. The cause of this phenomenon is that the bending rigidity of the cross-sections in the cracked range depends on the sign of the actual bending moment. Therefore the vibration shows non-linear characteristics in the elastic range as well. The dynamic behaviour of bent prestressed concrete beams is similar. The dynamic characteristics of prestressed beams besides cracks is influenced also by the intensity and eccentricity of the axial force. For a detailed investigation of the problem, experiments and non-linear analysis were performed. On the basis of these the virtual eigenfrequencies of the non-linear vibrations were determined.
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