The requirements of a liposomal formulation vary depending on the pharmaceutical indication, the target patient population, and the corresponding route of administration. Different preparation methods require various material attributes (MAs) (properties and characteristics of the components) and process parameters (PPs) (settings of the preparation method). The identification of the quality target product profile for a liposome-based formulation, the critical quality attributes of the liposomes, and the possible MAs and PPs that may influence the key characteristics of the vesicles facilitates pharmaceutical research. Researchers can systematise their knowledge by using the quality by design (QbD) approach. The potential factors that influence the quality of the product can be collected and studied through a risk assessment process. In this paper, the requirements of a liposome formulation prepared via the thin-film hydration preparation technique are presented; furthermore, the possible factors that have an impact on the quality of the final product and have to be considered and specified during the development of a liposomal formulation are herein identified and collected. The understanding and the application of these elements of QbD in the pharmaceutical developments help to influence the quality, the achievements, and the success of the formulated product.

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Liposomal formulation development is a challenging process. Certain factors have a critical influence on the characteristics of the liposomes, and even the relevant properties can vary based on the predefined interests of the research. In this paper, a Quality by Design-guided and Risk Assessment (RA)-based study was performed to determine the Critical Material Attributes and the Critical Process Parameters of an “intermediate” active pharmaceutical ingredient-free liposome formulation prepared via the thin-film hydration method, collect the Critical Quality Attributes of the future carrier system and show the process of narrowing a general initial RA for a specific case. The theoretical liposome design was proved through experimental models. The investigated critical factors covered the working temperature, the ratio between the wall-forming agents (phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol), the PEGylated phospholipid content (DPPE-PEG2000), the type of the hydration media (saline or phosphate-buffered saline solutions) and the cryoprotectants (glucose, sorbitol or trehalose). The characterisation results (size, surface charge, thermodynamic behaviours, formed structure and bonds) of the prepared liposomes supported the outcomes of the updated RA. The findings can be used as a basis for a particular study with specified circumstances.

Liposomal formulations, as versatile nanocarrier systems suitable for targeted delivery, have a highly focused role in the therapy development of unmet clinical needs and diagnostic imaging techniques. Formulating nanomedicine with suitable zeta potential is an essential but challenging task. Formulations with a minimum ±30 mV zeta potential are considered stable. The charge of the phospholipid bilayer can be adjusted with membrane additives. The present Quality by Design-derived study aimed to optimise liposomal formulations prepared via the thin-film hydration technique by applying stearylamine (SA) or dicetyl phosphate (DCP) as charge imparting agents. This 32 fractional factorial design-based study determined phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and SA/DCP molar ratios for liposomes with characteristics meeting the formulation requirements. The polynomials describing the effects on the zeta potential were calculated. The optimal molar ratios of the lipids were given as 12.0:5.0:5.0 for the SA-PBS pH 5.6 (optimised sample containing stearylamine) and 8.5:4.5:6.5 for the DCP-PBS pH 5.6 (optimised sample containing dicetyl phosphate) particles hydrated with phosphate-buffered saline pH 5.6. The SA-PBS pH 5.6 liposomes had a vesicle size of 108 ± 15 nm, 0.20 ± 0.04 polydispersity index, and +30.1 ± 1.2 mV zeta potential, while these values were given as 88 ± 14 nm, 0.21 ± 0.02, and −36.7 ± 3.3 mV for the DCP-PBS pH 5.6 vesicles. The prepared liposomes acquired the requirements of the zeta potential for stable formulations.

This study aimed to produce thermosensitive liposomes (TSL) by applying the quality by design (QbD) concept. In this paper, our research group collected and studied the parameters that significantly impact the quality of the liposomal product. Thermosensitive liposomes are vesicles used as drug delivery systems that release the active pharmaceutical ingredient in a targeted way at ~40–42 °C, i.e., in local hyperthermia. This study aimed to manufacture thermosensitive liposomes with a diameter of approximately 100 nm. The first TSLs were made from DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine) and DSPC (1,2-dioctadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) phospholipids. Studies showed that the application of different types and ratios of lipids influences the thermal properties of liposomes. In this research, we made thermosensitive liposomes using a PEGylated lipid besides the previously mentioned phospholipids with the thin-film hydration method.

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Trans-resveratrol, due to its antioxidant property, has the potential to be successfully applied in the prevention and the treatment of neurological disorders (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease). Nevertheless, its traditional administration (intravenous, oral) and bioavailability are limited by its physical-chemical characteristics (solubility, chemical instability, sensitivity to heat, UV-light and pH). The 'nose-to-brain' application, as an alternate administration route, represents a way to reach the brain without the limitations of the blood-brain barrier, while the use of nano-sized drug delivery systems, like the liposomes, can overcome the developmental and therapeutic issues of the formulations. This research paper shows the application of Risk Assessment, the key element of the Quality by Design mindset, in the development of a liposomal resveratrol-containing formulation with brain target and nasal administration. The study intends to demonstrate the definition of the quality target product profile, the selection of the critical factors, and the application of the RA to get a detailed view on the critical parts of the development process. On these terms, the factors with the most significant impact on the product quality among the critical material attributes (phospholipids, active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content, cholesterol ratio, surface modification), furthermore the production process (temperature, oxidation and light protection) were identified; subsequently, an RA-based liposome preparation process was described. The formulation procedures of 'nose-to-brain' liposomal systems loaded with drugs with many limiting factors meet several risks; however, the adaption of the QbD tools helps to focus on the aimed final product quality and achieve effective experimental designs.