The effect of five herbidde safeners on preventing maize {Zea mays L.) injury by acetochlor [A^-(2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl)-Af-(ethoxymethyl)chloroacetamide], their influence on herbicide uptake and metabolism to a glutathione (GSH) conjugate as well as on GSH content and glutathione S'-transferase activity (GST) in untreated and herbicide with/without safenerpre-treated 4-day-old seedlings were determined. The safeners studied were: AD-67 (
Adsorption and volatilization of cycloate, EPTC and vernolate applied to six types of soils were studied in the laboratory. Cycloate proved to be the most and EPTC the least adsorptive molecule in all systems examined, while the volatilization order of the compounds was the reverse EPTC>vernolate>cycloate. Neither the adsorption nor the volatilization of thiocarbamates was markedly affected by formulating agents. The adsorption isotherm of several systems did not obey the classical Freundlich equation. A reciprocal relationship which was found between the adsorption coefficients and the volatilization rates of thiocarbamates permits calculation of one of these properties if data on the other are available.
The ability of the herbicide safeners. BAS-145138 (I "dichloroaL;etyl-hex.iihydrt)-3,3,8a-irimethylpyrrolo( 1.2a)pyrimidin-6(2/D-one), dichlormid (A'.N-dialIyl-2,2-diehloroacelamide), ilurazoie (phenylmethyl ester), and MG-191 (2-dichloromelhyl-2-metliyl-l.3-dioxolane) for preventing metazachlor Injury to maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum hicotor L.) seedlings were compared with their effects on '""C-metazachlor metabolism lo a glutathione (GSH) conjugate, effects on non-protein thiol contents (mainly GSH) and effecls on giutathione .S-transferase (GST) activity in these two species.Sorghum shoot growth was redueed by 41'!';, and maize shoot growth was reduced by 54'' ;) by metazachlor concentrations in vermieulite nutrient culture of 0-6 fiM and 7-5 fiM, respectively. In this system, all four compounds had significant aetivity as safeners for metazachlor in both sorghum and maize seedlings. BAS-145138 and flurazole were the most effective saleners in maize and sorghum, respeetively. In the absence of safeners, the rate of non-enzymatic conjugation of nietazachlor and GSH was much greater than the enzymatic rate. However, the rate of t Correspondence: enzymatic conjugation of metazachlor with GSH was increased by safener treatment in both maize and sorghum. Safener effectiveness was highly correlated with Increases in ''*C-melazachlor uptake and metabolism in both species. Safener effectiveness was more highly correlated with safener effects on GST activity in maize or sorghum when '•'C-metazachlor was used as the substrate than when the non-specific CDNB (1ehloro-2.4-dinitrobenzene) was used as the substrate. Safener effectiveness was also strongly eorrelated with safener effects on GSH levels in sorghum, but not in maize, possibly because of the greater importance of non-enzymatic conjugation of metazaehlor with GSH in sorghum as compared to maize. Reponses physiologiques du mais et du sorgho a quatre phytoprotccteurs differents contre le metazachloreLa capacite des phytoproteeleurs. BAS-145138 (I-dichloro-acetyl-hexahydro-3,3,8a-trimethylpyrrolo (1.2a) pyrimidine 6 (2 H)-l); dichlormide (N, N-diallyl-2.2 dichloroaeetamide); flurazole (2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5 thiazole-carboxylide aeide (phenyl methyl ester)); et MG 19 (2dichloromethyl-2-methyl-l,3-dioxlane); a proteger les plantules de ma'is (Zea mays L.) et de sorgho {Sorghum blcolor L.) contre les degats du metazachlor a ete mise en comparaison avec leurs effets sur le metabolisme du C-metazachlor pour seconjuguerauglutathion(GSH), les effets sur la teneur en thiol non prote'ique (principalement GSH) et les effets sur I'activitc de la glutathion-Stransferase chez ces deux especes (GST), La croissance des tiges de sorgho a etc rcduite de 41%. et eelie de eeile de mai's de 54' M) par des concentrations en metazachlore dans le milieu de eulture a base de vermieulite respectives de 0,6 /iM et 7,5 /iM. Dans ce systeme les quatre produits ont 182 Z. Ekler and G. R. Stephenson cu une activiie phytoprotectrice significative vis a vis du melazachlor a la...
In growth room bioassays, four herbicide safeners {BAS-145138: 1-dichloroacetyl-hexa-hydro-3,3,8a-trimethyl-pyrrolo(1,2a)pyrimidin-6(2H)-one, dichlormid: N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide, flurazole: phenylmethyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazole-carboxylate and MG-191: 2-dichloromethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane} were compared for their effective ness in reducing metazachlor {N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(1-pyrazolylmethyl)-chloroacet-amide} injury to maize seedlings. Three of these compounds (BAS-145138, dichlormid and MG-191) and two different compounds (AD-67: N-dichloroacetyl-1-oxa-4-azaspiro-4,5-de-cane and DKA-24: N ,N2-diallyl-N2-dichloroacetylglycineamide) were also evaluated as safeners for acetochlor {N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(ethoxymethyl)chloroacetamide} in maize seedlings. Both BAS-145138 and dichlormid were highly effective as safeners for metazachlor and BAS-145138 and DKA-24 were equally good safeners for acetochlor. Metazachlor and acetochlor uptake and metabolism by maize seedlings were enhanced significantly in response to treatment with every safener examined. Rates of metazachlor and acetochlor uptake and metabolism were greatest in seedlings treated with BAS-145138 -the most effective safener. In the absence of any safener treatment, the non-enzymatic conjugation of the herbicides with glutathione either exceeded (metazachlor) or was similar (acetochlor) to enzymatic conjugation. However, the rate of enzymatic conjugation was generally increased by safener treat ment. This was particularly true when the herbicide (14C-labeled) was employed as a conjugation substrate instead of the less specific substrate, CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). A significant linear correlation was observed between safener effectiveness and rates of metazachlor metabolism or glutathione S-transferase activity in maize seedlings. However, a similar correlation could not be established for the five compounds evaluated as safeners for acetochlor.
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