A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of foliar application of different concentrations of Se fertilization (37.50, 56.25, 75.00, 93.75, and 112.50 g ha -1 of Se) at the early grain filling stage on nutritional quality of colored-grain wheat. The results showed that Se plays a role in influencing the nutrients concentration of colored-grain wheat. When it was more than 75.00 g ha -1 , the Se concentration in the common wheat was excessive. However, when it was more than 37.50 g ha -1 , the Se concentration in the colored-grain wheat was excessive, indicating that colored-grain wheat was likely to be more sensitive to Se accumulation. Se concentration of colored-grain wheat was significantly increased under the optimal foliar application of Se concentration at 37.5 g ha -1 , decreased starch concentration, without affecting the yield. Particularly, the concentrations of gliadin and glutenin were significantly increased while both albumin and globulin were reduced with the increased Se concentration. Additionally, our research showed that foliar application Se increased the concentration of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), but decreased the concentration of copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn). More importantly, the intake of Se promoted the production of amino acids and anthocyanins. This indicates the potential roles Se plays on regulating nutrition value in colored-grain wheat.
The provision and utilization of grassland resources connect grassland ecosystems and pastoral society. Revealing the mechanism behind the forage supply–demand relationship and balancing forage supply and demand is essential in pastoral socio-ecological systems. Taking Altay Prefecture as the case study, this study quantified the dynamics of natural forage supply, artificial supplemental forage, and forage demand. The ratio of forage supply to demand was calculated in the traditional grazing scenario and the grazing prohibition and supplemental feeding scenario. The results showed that during 2001–2018, the forage supplied by natural grasslands fluctuated, with the highest and lowest values in 2013 and 2008, respectively. The artificial supplemental forage increased at a higher rate in 2011–2018 than in 2001–2010. The overall trend of forage demand was upward, at approximately 2.98 × 104 t/a. The ratio of forage supply to demand decreased in the traditional scenario with an average value of 0.4717 and increased in the grazing prohibition and supplemental feeding scenario with an average value of 0.8289. The influencing factors were analyzed from the perspective of the interactions between the socio-ecological system elements, and the forage supply–demand relationships were conceptualized based on the social–ecological system framework. This study concludes that natural grasslands cannot entirely meet the increasing forage demand without artificial supplemental forage. The increasing artificial supplemental forage has promoted a balance between forage supply and demand, indicating an optimized grassland utilization pattern. The factors that affect forage supply–demand relationships are interrelated, and a holistic perspective should be adopted when implementing management measures.
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