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Las manifestaciones clínicas del SARS-Cov-2 en niños difieren a la de los adultos, con afección respiratoria, gastrointestinal, dermatológica y/o cardiovascular. La mayoría de los niños son asintomáticos o presentan síntomas leves de la infección por COVID-19. Sin embargo, en los últimos meses se ha identificado un pequeño número de niños que desarrollan respuesta inflamatoria sistémica significativa. A continuación, realizamos una revisión sobre las manifestaciones extrapulmonares del SARS-Cov-2.

Objective. To assess concordance among criteria for inactive disease (ID) and low disease activity (LDA) in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to seek factors driving discordance.Methods. The frequency of fulfillment of existing criteria was evaluated in information on 10,186 patients extracted from 3 cross-sectional data sets. Patients were divided up according to the functional phenotypes of oligoarthritis and polyarthritis. Concordance between criteria was examined using weighted Venn diagrams. The role of each individual component in explaining discordance between criteria was assessed by calculating the absolute number and percentage of instances in which the component was responsible for discrepancy between definitions.Results. Criteria for ID were met by 28.6-41.1% of patients with oligoarthritis and by 24.0-33.4% of patients with polyarthritis. Criteria for LDA were met by 44.8-62.4% of patients with oligoarthritis and by 44.6-50.4% of patients with polyarthritis. There was a 57.9-62.3% overlap between criteria for ID and a 67.9-85% overlap between criteria for LDA. Parent and physician global assessments and acute-phase reactants were responsible for the majority of instances of discordance among criteria for ID (8.

Introduction: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown cause without specificity for a particular organ. Juvenile SLE (jSLE) affects a greater number of organs and systems and presents a more aggressive clinical course than in adults. Hematological alterations could be presented as the only manifestation of SLE, so a detailed and systemic approach should be performed in these patients, once other causes such as infections and neoplasms have been excluded. objectives: To determine the hematological compromise in patients diagnosed with jSLE in the Pediatric Service of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the National university of Asunción; over a period of 5 years. Materials and Methods: Retrospective, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Non-probability sampling of consecutive jSLE cases diagnosed or under follow-up from January 2012 to May 2017. Results: Of the 73 patients, 57 women (78%) and 16 (22%) men were found, with an F:M ratio of 3.5:1. Average age at diagnosis was 11.9 years (SD: 3.65, range between 2 and 17 years). Regarding origin, 39 patients (53%) came from the Capital and Central Department and 34 cases (46%) from rural areas. The mean time between onset of symptoms and clinical diagnosis was 2 months (SD 1.27 months). Symptoms at first consultation were: arthralgias in 38 patients (52%), fever in 14 cases (19.2%), cutaneous-mucosal manifestations in 10 patients (13.7%), neurological manifestations in 5 cases (6.8%), edema in 4 patients (5.5%) and constitutional manifestations in 2 patients (2.7%). Hematologic abnormalities were found in 62 patients (85%), with a single series affected in 25 cases (40.3%), bicytopenia in 33 patients (53.2%), and pancytopenia in 4 patients (6.5%). The most frequent alterations were: anemia in 58 patients (79.4%), lymphopenia in 27 cases (36.9%), thrombocytopenia in 21 patients (28.4%) and leukopenia in 17 cases (23.2%). 60% of patients had more than one affected series. On the subject of anemia (n=58), 16 patients (27.6%) had a direct positive Coombs test and 42 patients (72.4%) had a direct negative Coombs test. Concerning hematimetric indices, 40 patients (69%) presented normochromic normocytic anemia and 18 patients (31%) hypochromic microcytic anemia. Conclusion: Hematological alterations were a frequent finding as a initial manifestation of SLE. Most cases had involvement of two series, with non-hemolytic anemia being the predominant finding. Laboratory tests are of great value when evaluating a patient with suspected autoimmune disease, since the results can confirm the diagnosis, estimate the severity of the disease, assess the prognosis and monitor SLE activity.

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Métodos: se administró un cuestionario de autoevaluación de tipo Likert validado, a los médicos de atención de emergencia; se exploraron variables relacionadas al sexo, edad, especialización, años de práctica, antecedentes legales previos y turnos de trabajo. Resultados: se evaluó a 220 médicos de 8 Servicios de Urgencias, el 82% practicaba medicina defensiva. Los médicos varones mostraron un comportamiento más defensivo (p=0,1). Emergentología, Traumatología y Ortopedia fueron las especialidades con mayor práctica de medicina defensiva (100%). Ginecología y Obstetricia tuvo el mayor número de demandas. Conclusión: la medicina defensiva se presenta en un alto porcentaje en los Servicios de Urgencias pues 82% de los médicos practican algún grado de la misma, siendo mayor en varones y en las especialidades Emergentología y Traumatología y Ortopedia Palabras claves: medicina defensiva, mala praxis, responsabilidad legal, servicio de urgencia en hospital. ABSTRACT Objective:To determine the degree of defensive medicine practiced in the Emergency Services of the Hospital Central of the Instituto de Previsión Social, Asunción-Paraguay. Methods: A validated Likert-type self-assessment questionnaire was administered to emergency care physicians. Variables related to sex, age, specialization, years of practice, previous legal background and work shifts were explored. Results: Two hund1red and twenty physicians from eight Emergency Services were evaluated, 82% practiced defensive medicine. The male doctors showed a more defensive behavior (p=0.1). Emergentology, Traumatology and Orthopedics were the specialties with the highest practice of defensive medicine (100%). Gynecology and Obstetrics had the highest number of demands. Conclusion:Defensive medicine is presented in a high percentage in the Emergency Services because 82% of doctors practice some degree of it, being higher in males and in the specialties Emergentology, Traumatology and Orthopedics

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