Background:prevention of suicide is one of priority world health. Suicide is one of the preventable causes of death. The aim of this study is evaluation of telephone follow up on suicide reattempt.Materials and Methods:This randomized controlled clinical trial is a prospective study which has been done in Noor Hospital of Isfahan-Iran, at 2010. 139 patients who have suicide attempt history divided in one of two groups, randomly, 70 patients in” treatment as usual (TAU)” and 69 patients in “brief interventional control (BIC). Seven telephone contact with BIC group patients have been done “during six months” and two questionnaires have been filled in each session. The data has been analyzed by descriptive and Chi-square test, under SPSS.Results:No significant differences of suicide reattempt has been found between two groups (P = 0.18), but significant reduction in frequency of suicidal thoughts (P = 0.007) and increase in hope at life (P = 0.001) was shown in intervention group.Conclusion:Telephones follow up in patients with suicide history decrease suicidal thought frequency” and increase hope in life, significantly.

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The reduction of synthetic chemistry use in modern viticulture relies on either the biological control of microorganisms or the induction of pathogenesis-related proteins. In the present study, the effects of hydro-alcoholic plant extracts (PEs) (i.e., by-products of Vitis vinifera L., leaves of Olea europaea L. and Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) were tested on purified enzymes activity involved in plant-pathogen interactions. The polyphenolic composition was assayed and analyzed to characterize the extract profiles. In addition, suspension cell cultures of grapevine were treated with PEs to study their modulation of chitinase activity. Application of grape marc’s PE enhanced chitinase activity at 4 g L−1. Additionally, foliar treatment of grape marc’s PE at two doses (4 g L−1 and 800 g L−1) on grapevine cuttings induced a concentration-dependent stimulation of chitinase activity. The obtained results showed that the application of bioactive compounds based on PEs, rich in phenolic compounds, was effective both at in vitro and ex/in vivo level. The overall effects of PEs on plant-pathogen interaction were further discussed by applying a multi-criteria decision analysis, showing that grape marc was the most effective extract.

HighlightsThe expression of two genes TRAIL, death receptor, and Caspase-8, associated with extrinsic pathway, up-regulated upon treating with P. harmala L.’s seed extract suggesting that the extract induces mainly on apoptosis extrinsic pathway.The pro-apoptotic genes, BH3 multidomain, Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) and Bak (Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer) caused permeability in mitochondrial membrane which was inhibited by anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl.As a consequence of binding BH3-only proteins (BID, BIM (Bcl-2-like protein 11), BAD (Bcl-2-associated death promoter), and PUMA to anti-apoptotic proteins, their activities were inhibited.Both p53 and p21 were up-regulated in treated cells with P. harmala’s seed extract, hence p53 as transcription regulator up-regulated Bax, Puma and TRAIL.As long as the expression of anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 gen reduced dramatically, an over-expression in apoptosis genes, Bax and Puma, was monitored indicating activation of intrinsic apoptosis pathway.The results confirm the positive effect of P. harmala L.’s extract in inducing apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cell line in both intrinsic/extrinsic apoptosis pathways and also in blocking cell cycle life.

Lipoxygenase (LOX) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) activities were characterised in olive pulp\ud microsomes from two cultivars (Ghiacciolo and Nostrana di Brisighella) from Northern Italy. LOX\ud activity exhibited a maximum at pH 5.5 in both cultivars, and the highest value was found in cv\ud Ghiacciolo. This was correlated with the higher total antioxidant capacity detected in cv Nostrana,\ud rather than by a different LOX expression, as demonstrated by immunoblotting assay. Furthermore,\ud isomer characterisation showed the predominance of 13-hydroperoxides of linoleic acid (HPOD) in both\ud cultivars, suggesting the occurrence of a 13-LOX. HPL activity exhibited an optimum at pH 7.5 in the\ud two cultivars, but was higher in cv Nostrana, as confirmed by the increased amount of hexanal production\ud after 13-HPOD addition. In addition, the constitutive aldehyde profile in cv Nostrana fruits were shown\ud to be enriched in aldehydes too when compared to cv Ghiacciolo. These results suggest that the different\ud features in the two olive cultivars are mainly due to genetic rather than environmental factors

BackgroundOne of the main sunflower diseases is the white mold Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The oxalic acid (OA), which is one of the main pathogenicity factors of this fungus, beside the direct toxicity on the host, has other functions such as the disruption of the cell wall and chelating out the calcium ions.ObjectivesRegarding the importance of this disease, it is important to study the reactions of the plant against OA which is a nonspecific toxin of many other necrotrophic fungi.Materials and MethodsIn this study, two susceptible and moderately resistant sunflower lines were inoculated with OA and samples at the first leaf stage were collected within the intervals of 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours post inoculation. The expression of five genes related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, including citrate synthase, fumarase, iso-citrate lyase, malate synthase and malate dehydrogenase was studied under OA treatment.ResultsTwo hours after the inoculation, no significant change was observed in the expression of the five studied genes in the moderately resistant line. The iso-citrate lyase gene, which is related to glyoxylate cycle (a variation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle), showed no change in the moderately resistant line; however, it showed an increase in the susceptible line. The increase in fumarase gene expression in moderately resistant line was higher than the susceptible line. The result showed the activation of glyoxylate cycle and destruction of fatty acids in the susceptible line.ConclusionsActivation of glyoxylate cycle indicated induction of senescent symptoms by OA in susceptible line. Increasing in H2O2 leads to oxidative burst and cell death. Cell death has an apparent benefit for development and growth of necrotrophic pathogens in the plant cells. The study of resistance mechanisms in response to the pathogen is useful for breeding programs to provide lines with higher resistance to this pathogen.

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Oxalic acid (OA) is found naturally in many plants and animals: it plays diverse roles in nature. It is an important pathogenicity determinant of many necrotrophic pathogens including Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. In order to understand the resistance mechanisms in Helianthus annuus L., a proteomic study was conducted on sunflower 12 h after inoculation by OA. A total of 17 differentially expressed proteins (either OA-induced or -suppressed proteins) were identified as a result of OA treatment. The candidate proteins were classified into two groups depending on their up/downregulation. The first group – upregulated proteins – included 13 proteins identified as being involved in the Calvin cycle, photosynthesis, programmed cell death (PCD) pathway, heat shock proteins, proteins with antioxidant activities and flavonol synthase (FLS). The second group – downregulated proteins – included those from the cupin family, ATP synthase subunit β, ketol-acid reducto-isomerase, and actin. Studying the biological significance of proteins responsive to OA might ultimately convey us to improve sunflower lines with higher levels of resistance to Sclerotinia and help to control this devastating necrotrophic plant pathogen.