Abstract-One of the issues of designing supply chain network is "Supply chain ordering management ". Extra costs are the most important factors in the survival of an organization and have a significant impact on company competitiveness. However, holding inventory, order accepting, and functional risks are factors that have not been studied simultaneously. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review on order and inventory and use of Activity based costing approach in regard to supply chain management and costs managing. This paper selected and reviewed 56 published articles in a decade of 32 important journals related to order and inventory of supply chain manufacturing industries which chosen from the "Science direct and Scopus" databases and in this regard, the applications of the Artificial Neural Network method which called "ANN", ant colony algorithm and queue theory have been proposed. All published articles were categorized based on the author number, The first author name, publication year, problems, factors, type of manufacturing industries, research methods and results and findings. Finally, International Journal of production Economics was ranked the first. Results of this paper acknowledge that order management and inventory control can help decision makers in solving some problems under uncertainties situations of demands in environmental manufacturing industries and this approach have seen increasing interest among previous researchers to use this approach in various steps of supply chain management.
Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in humans. The prevalence of infection in Iran has been reported 0.009-8 % depending on deferent socio-cultural conditions. This study aimed to determine the frequency of T. vaginalis according to age in patients referred to clinics, hospitals and medical diagnostic laboratories in Karaj city, Iran. For this purpose, fifty positive samples were collected from July 2012 to June 2014 from clinics, medical diagnostic laboratories and hospitals, then transferred to laboratory of parasitology and cultured in TYM medium. The results showed that all isolates were successfully cultured. Among 50 positive specimens, 43 cases were female and 7 cases male. The most positive cases (34 %) belonged to the ages over 50 year's group. The lowest positive cases (2 %) belonged to the ages of less than 20 years group. In Conclusion, unlike other STDs, which have a higher prevalence among adolescents and young adults, the rates of trichomoniasis are more evenly distributed among sexually active women of all age groups. However, frequency of this infection in women aged over 50 years (age of menopause) is notable and complementary studies are needed.
Vaginal infections are one of the most common reasons a woman visits a gynecologist. The increased resistance to conventional antibiotics is one of the main reasons for searching and developing new antimicrobial agents, especially those of natural origin. In traditional Persian medicine, the gall of Quercus infectoria has been claimed to eliminate vagina and cervix from excessive discharge. So, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Quercus infectoria gall as well as its active constituent, gallic acid, against some vaginal pathogens. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Quercus infectoria gall was obtained by maceration and standardized based on amount of gallic acid. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of this extract as well as its active compound, gallic acid, were determined against Candida spp., Gardnerella vaginalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Trichomonas vaginalis and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The results demonstrated remarkable activity of ethanolic extract of Quercus infectoria gall against investigated pathogens with MIC and MBC in the range between 0.125 mg/ml and 16 mg/ml. The most inhibitory and bactericidal activity was observed on Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. The effects of gall dried ethanolic extract on Trichomonas vaginalis showed 100 % inhibition of the parasitic growth with concentration of 800 µg/ml after 24 h incubation. The antimicrobial and anti-trichomonas activity of extract was more than gallic acidIt seems that ethanolic extract of Quercus infectoria gall could inhibit the growth of vaginal pathogens. Further preclinical and clinical studies are required to confirm the efficacy of this natural extract in vaginitis.
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