INTRODUCTION Fetus health is of high importance in pregnant women and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) endangers maternal and fetal health. Therefore, in this study we examined the prevalence of exposure to SHS in pregnant women at home and the related factors. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with 255 pregnant women who were referred to the Isfahan health care center from July to September 2018. A questionnaire that was designed by the research team was applied to collect data about the participants' prevalence of exposure, attitude-emotional dimension, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived barriers. The questionnaire used was self-administered. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of experts. Cronbach's alpha of attitude-emotional dimension, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived barriers were also calculated as 0.81, 0.91, 0.92, and 0.89, respectively. Statistically significant differences were examined using chi-squared test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS We found that the prevalence of exposure to SHS in pregnant women was 23.1%. The age of the husband (p=0.041), education level of the smoking husband (p=0.005), the education level of the pregnant woman (p=0.002), employment status of husband (p=0.010), and whether the pregnancy was planned (p=0.010) had significant association with the participant prevalence of exposure to SHS. Thus, older age of husbands, lower education levels of husbands and wives, unwanted pregnancies, and unemployment of husbands resulted in higher exposure to SHS. The mean scores of knowledge and perceptions were lower in women exposed to smoke than in non-exposed women (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The rate of SHS exposure was high in pregnant women. The knowledge and perception scores of exposed women to SHS were lower than those of non-exposed women. Low levels of education of husbands and women, unemployment and higher age of husbands, and unwanted pregnancies were considered as health risk factors. Therefore, effective training programs should be designed to educate pregnant women and their husbands.

BackgroundComplications of exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) are known to affect the health of pregnant women; it requires designing an educational program to reduce the exposure of pregnant women to smoke. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design an educational program to reduce the exposure of pregnant women with the second-hand smoke of their husband.MethodsThis research-based program is designed in three phases, in the first phase of the study, the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of men regarding SHS will be measured using a questionnaire. The questionnaire will be based on a literature review and experts opinions. In the next phase the educational program will be designed based on the results of the first phase of the study on the level of knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and practice of men, as well as a literature review and experts opinions, and the research team will finalize it according to priorities. To follow up the training will be sent reminders messages. Pregnant women will also be trained to protect themselves and support their husbands to quit smoking. The third phase includes the implementation of educational intervention with pretest-posttest with two intervention and control groups.DiscussionThe present study provides strong information and data regarding the needs and strategies for reducing the exposure to second-hand smoke in pregnant women. Therefore, designing a program, and a review article and updated evidences can lead to avoid pregnant women the exposure to second hand smoke and reducing smoking in smoker husbands. It can also reduce their medical and treatment costs.Trial registrationRegistration of this randomized control trial has been completed with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20180722040555N1.

Introduction: Menopause is associated with symptoms and complications that can affect women's quality of life. Therefore, acceptance of the symptoms and complications can improve quality of life during this period. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to design an educational program based on the multi-theory model (MTM) to deal with complications of the menopausal period and improve the women's quality of life. Material and methods: In designing this study, four phases are considered. In the first phase, the questionnaire of menopausal symptom acceptance behaviors will be designed based on the MTM using literature review and a panel of experts' viewpoints. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire will be confirmed at this stage. In the second phase, a descriptive study will be conducted by administering the questionnaire designed in the first phase along with the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire. The third phase includes the curriculum design based on the findings of the descriptive study, investigations of various studies, and viewpoints of the experts' panel. Therefore, the main components of the intervention will be identified. These components will determine the influential constructs of the MTM according to the descriptive research. Later, the related interventions and messages will be produced and designed from different sources. Intervention strategies will include group discussion, lectures, confidence-building skills, movie screenings, role play, preparation of daily activities booklets for postmenopausal women, and training classes for husbands and children to improve social support for women. The interventions, contents, and messages designed with the presence of health professionals and members of the target community will be pre-tested by examining factors such as audience perception of the message, appropriateness of the education to the audience's literacy and culture, as well as attractiveness, credibility, and acceptance of the materials. Finally, the fourth phase will be the implementation of the pre-test/post-test educational intervention using the intervention and control groups. Results and conclusions: The present study provides good information about the needs and strategies to enhance the quality of life in postmenopausal women by utilizing a menopausal acceptance training program. Therefore, designing a program to increase the menopausal acceptance in postmenopausal women can be effective in improving the quality of life and reducing the treatment and medical care costs.

BackgroundHepatitis B is the most common cause of liver disease, and medical students are a risk group for the disease given their future occupations.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to assess of predictors of hepatitis B in the Faculty of nursing, midwifery and health at Shahrekord Islamic Azad University in 2014.Materials and MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted with 300 students from the Faculty of nursing, midwifery and health at Shahrekord Islamic Azad University. The students answered questionnaires with items covering demographic characteristics, individual knowledge, public risk perception, perceived personal risk, and behavioral intentions regarding hepatitis B. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 18 software.ResultsThe mean knowledge score of the students was 4.77 ± 1.71, the mean public risk perception score was 24.22 ± 3.44, the mean perceived personal risk score was 6.51 ± 1.97, and the mean behavioral intention score was 12.06 ± 2.97. There were significant differences in the mean knowledge scores in terms of gender, level of awareness, and level of education. There were also differences in the mean behavioral intention scores in terms of gender and field of study, the mean perceived personal risk scores in terms of level of education and field of study, and the mean public risk perception scores in terms of field of study.ConclusionsAccording to the results of this study, it is necessary to implement educational intervention in order to allow students to identify risk factors and overcome barriers to understanding the implications of the disease in this context.

BACKGROUND and AIM: The inability of women to demand from their husbands, for not smoking, has been reported as a factor in exposure to cigarette smoke. This study aimed to investigate the perceived barriers and self-efficacy of pregnant women regarding second-hand smoke (SHS) at home. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, and the sample size was 255 pregnant women who visited the health-care centers in Isfahan, Iran, from July 2018 to September 2018, and were selected randomly and voluntarily. A questionnaire was designed to collect the data about the exposure to smoke, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean score and standard deviation), inferential statistics (nonparametric Mann–Whitney and Kendall test), and Spearman's correlation and regression. RESULTS: The mean score of self-efficacy in the exposure group was lower than that the other group ( P = 0.000). The mean score of perceived barrier was not a significant difference ( P = 0.449). Personal perceived barriers are the most important predictor of self-efficacy of pregnant women in exposure to SHS (95% confidence interval: 0.013–0.262) ( P = 0.030). Kendall test comparing items within the group and Mann–Whitney test comparing the two groups showed that personal factors such as “Unaware of the dangers of SHS and protective measures” for notexposed women and environmental factor “the lack of ban smoking law at home” for exposed women are considered the most important barriers ( P = 0.000). “Not being together a husband” ( P = 0.293) and “going to another place when smoking a husband” ( P = 0.000) are the highest self-efficacy items. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to develop training programs to increase self-efficacy to avoid exposure to SHS and for both pregnant women and their husbands. It is also necessary to educate and inform about SHS and protective measures against it and to set up “smoking ban law” at home in our country to protect pregnant women.