Salesforce motivation is important for the success of the organization. Unless and until the salesforce is motivated, the organization will not be able to prosper. There are various factors that are responsible for salesforce motivation. It has been found that out of these many factors, the impact of salesforce control system and salesforce compensation plans is inevitable. Therefore, this study makes an attempt to analyze the impact of these two factors on salesforce motivation by following a review of selected studies from the year 1977 to 2014. Till now, none of the previous studies have analyzed the impact of these two factors on motivation. The review of studies reveals that salesforce control systems and compensation plans should be taken into consideration when motivation of salespeople is talked about as they have an impact on intrinsic as well as extrinsic motivation of salespeople. Based on the findings of the review, a framework is designed and implications and directions for future research are stated.
Background and aim
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multiple factorial disease with unidentified specific markers. The alternate method such as biochemical and genetic markers for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis is an undeniable need of the current era. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association of interleukin-6 (IL-6)(IL-6-174G/C), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-beta1-29C/T), and calmodulin 1 gene-16C/T (CALM1-16C/T) polymorphism in clinically definite Pakistani OA patients and matching controls.
Methods
The study design was based on biochemical analysis of OA via serum hyaluronic acid (HA) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and genetic analysis based on amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) PCR. Statistical evaluations of allele probabilities were carried through chi-squared test. This study includes 295 subjects including 100 OA patients, 105 OA susceptible, and 90 controls.
Results
HA levels obtained were distinct for all the populations: patients with a mean value of ± 5.15, susceptible with mean value of ± 2.27, and control with mean value of ± 0.50. The prevalent genotypes in OA were GG genotype for IL-6-174G/C, CT genotypes for TGF β1-29C/T, and TT genotype for CALM1-16C/T polymorphism. A significant P value of 0.0152 is obtained as a result of the comparison among the patients and controls on the number of individuals possessing the disease-associated genotypes.
Conclusions
The positive association of GG genotype for IL-6-174G/C, TT genotype for CALM1-16C/T polymorphism in OA while high prevalence of CT TGF β1-29 C/T genotypes in susceptible population in our study group implies these polymorphisms can serve as susceptible marker to OA and genetic factors for screening OA patients in Pakistan. There might be other factors that may influence disease susceptibility. However, further investigations on larger population are required to determine the consequences of genetic variations for prediagnosis of OA.
Over the past 30 years, researchers from all over the world have studied the phenomenon of salesforce control systems. They have analyzed the impact of salesforce control system on different salesperson and organizational variables. As the selling environment is changing, it is important to know what importance salesforce control system holds in different parts of the world. Taking this into account, this study attempts to review the literature on salesforce control systems across continents such as America, Europe, Australia, Africa and Asia. The findings from the review suggested that neither the consequences of salesforce control system nor the superiority of one control system over another differed with regard to the place where the study has been conducted.
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