Background
Women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) report debilitating physical and psychological symptoms, including fatigue, anxiety, and pain, that greatly impact their quality of life. Immersive virtual reality (VR) has been proposed as an adjunctive pain therapy for patients with cancer, and evidence suggests it may also decrease symptoms of anxiety and depression. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess whether VR should be pursued as a feasible and acceptable adjunctive therapy to alleviate physical and psychological symptoms in women with MBC.
Methods
We conducted a pilot study testing the acceptability and efficacy of VR interventions with MBC patients to improve quality of life and to produce enduring decreases in fatigue, pain, depression, anxiety, and stress. Participants completed two different week-long VR experiences, reporting the prevalence of symptoms immediately before and after each study week, and 48 h later. Linear mixed models including fixed effects (VR intervention, counterbalancing order, and study week) and random effects (participant) were used to assess the effect of immersive VR on all outcome measures.
Results
Thirty-eight women with MBC completed the VR interventions and were included in analyses. Significant improvements post-intervention and/or 48 h later were demonstrated for quality of life, fatigue, pain, depression, anxiety, and stress. Across the entire study period, these differences met the criteria of a clinically important difference for quality of life, fatigue, depression, and stress. Participants reported feelings of relaxation and enjoyment and were highly likely to use the interventions gain.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that VR experiences offer enduring benefits to the physical and psychological well-being of women with MBC. VR interventions are a feasible and acceptable intervention that can be conducted in a patient’s own home. Such interventions are worthy of future investigation as a novel approach to improving quality of life in a patient population that have often been overlooked.
Trial registration
Prospectively registered on 25th October 2019 with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ref: ACTRN12619001480178).
Face recognition is strongly influenced by the processing of orientation structure in the face image. Faces are much easier to recognize when they are filtered to include only horizontally oriented information compared with vertically oriented information. Here, we investigate whether preferences for horizontal information in faces are related to face recognition abilities in a typical sample (Experiment 1), and whether such preferences are lacking in people with developmental prosopagnosia (DP; Experiment 2). Experiment 1 shows that preferences for horizontal face information are linked to face recognition abilities in a typical sample, with weak evidence of face-selective contributions. Experiment 2 shows that preferences for horizontal face information are comparable in control and DP groups. Our study suggests that preferences for horizontal face information are related to variations in face recognition abilities in the typical range, and that these preferences are not aberrant in DP.
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