Hydrogen economy has emerged as a very promising alternative to the current hydrocarbon economy, which involves the process of harvesting renewable energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and then further utilization of clean hydrogen fuel. The production of hydrogen by water electrolysis is an essential prerequisite of the hydrogen economy with zero carbon emission. Among various water electrolysis technologies, alkaline water splitting has been commercialized for more than 100 years, representing the most mature and economic technology. Here, the historic development of water electrolysis is overviewed, and several critical electrochemical parameters are discussed. After that, advanced nonprecious metal electrocatalysts that emerged recently for negotiating the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are discussed, including transition metal oxides, (oxy)hydroxides, chalcogenides, phosphides, and nitrides for the OER, as well as transition metal alloys, chalcogenides, phosphides, and carbides for the HER. In this section, particular attention is paid to the catalyst synthesis, activity and stability challenges, performance improvement, and industry‐relevant developments. Some recent works about scaled‐up catalyst synthesis, novel electrode designs, and alkaline seawater electrolysis are also spotlighted. Finally, an outlook on future challenges and opportunities for alkaline water splitting is offered, and potential future directions are speculated.

Two Ni–Mo–O compounds show exceptional cathodic/anodic catalytic performance for urea electrolysis, suggesting a promising route to energy-saving H2 production.

The anode oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is knownt ol argely limit the efficiency of electrolyzerso wing to its sluggish kinetics.W hile crystalline metal oxides are promising as OER catalysts,t heir amorphous phases also show high activities.E fforts to produce amorphous metal oxides have progressed slowly, and how an amorphous structure benefits the catalytic performances remains elusive. Now the first scalable synthesis of amorphous NiFeMo oxide (up to 515 gi no ne batch) is presented with homogeneous elemental distribution via afacile supersaturated co-precipitation method. In contrast to its crystalline counterpart, amorphous NiFeMo oxide undergoes af aster surface self-reconstruction process during OER, forming am etal oxy(hydroxide) active layer with rich oxygen vacancies,leading to superior OER activity (280 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm À2 in 0.1m KOH). This opens up the potential of fast, facile,a nd scaleup production of amorphous metal oxides for high-performance OER catalysts.

The design of highly efficient non-noble-metal electrocatalysts for large-scale hydrogen production remains an ongoing challenge. We report here a Ni2P nanoarray catalyst grown on a commercial Ni foam substrate, which demonstrates an outstanding electrocatalytic activity and stability in basic electrolyte. The high catalytic activity can be attributed to the favorable electron transfer, superior intrinsic activity, and the intimate connection between the nanoarrays and their substrate. Moreover, the unique “superaerophobic” surface feature of the Ni2P nanoarrays enables a remarkable capability to withstand internal and external forces and release the in situ generated H2 bubbles in a timely manner at large current densities (such as >1000 mA cm–2) where the hydrogen evolution becomes vigorous. Our results highlight that an aerophobic structure is essential to catalyze gas evolution for large-scale practical applications.

To meet the pressing demands for portable and flexible equipment in contemporary society, it is strongly required to develop next-generation inexpensive, flexible, lightweight, and sustainable supercapacitor systems with large power densities, long cycle life, and good operational safety. Here, we fabricate a flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor device with nitrogen-doped pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose (p-BC-N) as the electrode material via a low-cost, eco-friendly, low-temperature, and scalable fabrication hydrothermal synthesis. The pliable device can reversibly deliver a maximum power density of 390.53 kW kg À1 and exhibits a good cycling durability with $95.9% specific capacitance retained after 5000 cycles. Therefore, this nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber electrode material holds significant promise as a flexible, efficient electrode material. Broader contextThe ever-growing requirements of portable and exible electronic devices spark the intense interests in developing next-generation low-cost, pliable, and sustainable supercapacitor systems with high power densities, long-term life span, and operation security. We engineered and fabricated a exible all-solid-state supercapacitor using the nitrogen-doped carbon nanober as the electrode materials via a low-cost, eco-friendly, and highly scalable hydrothermal method with pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose (p-BC) and aqueous ammonia. The exible device exhibits a maximum power density of 390.53 kW kg À1 and long life span with $95.9% of the initial specic capacitance aer 5000 cycles. Therefore, this device holds signicant prospect for commercial applications.

A new porous carbon-supported Ni/Mo2C composite exhibits high activity towards both the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction for overall water splitting.

After the recognition of the essential role of the immune system in the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus, more studies are focused on the effects produced by the abnormal differentiation of components of the immune system. In patients suffering from obesity or T2DM, there were alterations in proliferation of T cells and macrophages, and impairment in function of NK cells and B cells, which represented abnormal innate and adaptive immunity. The abnormality of either innate immunity, adaptive immunity, or both was involved and interacted with each other during the progression of T2DM. Although previous studies have revealed the functional involvement of T cells in T2DM, and the regulation of metabolism by the innate or adaptive immune system during the pathogenesis of T2DM, there has been a lack of literature reviewing the relevant role of adaptive and innate immunity in the progression of T2DM. Here, we will review their relevant roles, aiming to provide new thought for the development of immunotherapy in T2DM.

Hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells offer possibility of adopting platinum-group-metal-free catalysts to negotiate sluggish oxygen reduction reaction. Unfortunately, the ultrafast hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) on platinum decreases at least two orders of magnitude by switching the electrolytes from acid to base, causing high platinum-group-metal loadings. Here we show that a nickel-molybdenum nanoalloy with tetragonal MoNi4 phase can catalyze the HOR efficiently in alkaline electrolytes. The catalyst exhibits a high apparent exchange current density of 3.41 milliamperes per square centimeter and operates very stable, which is 1.4 times higher than that of state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst. With this catalyst, we further demonstrate the capability to tolerate carbon monoxide poisoning. Marked HOR activity was also observed on similarly designed WNi4 catalyst. We attribute this remarkable HOR reactivity to an alloy effect that enables optimum adsorption of hydrogen on nickel and hydroxyl on molybdenum (tungsten), which synergistically promotes the Volmer reaction.