Background: Salmonella typhi gives rise to typhoid fever which is life threatening illness.It puts end to approximately 600,000 people per annum around the world.Food and water are the leading components through which this disease is passed on and becomes origin of typhoid.It lays out widely where cleanliness is very substandard. Objective: To construct 3 dimensional structure of protein Methyl Transferase of Salmonella typhi CT18 by homology modeling. Materials and Methods: Bioinformatic tools and programs like Comprehensive Microbial Resource (CMR), Interproscan, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), Modellor 9.10, Procheck and Prosa were helpful for the complete homology modeling of methyl transferases (STY 3264).The models were visualized by DS Viever. Results: Homology modeling is an effective method to find structure of methyl transferase protein for future discovery of drugs. Conclusion: Homology modeling is an effective method to find structure of protein which provides good solution for drug discovery. Keywords: Methyl transferase ,Homology modeling, Typhoid fever,Salmonella typhi CT18.

Objective: To find out the frequency of surgical site infections in emergency appendectomy for complicated appendicitis Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Khyber Teaching Hospital, MTI, Peshawar from November 20, 2021 to August 12, 2022. We included 131 patients, who had undergone emergency appendectomy for complicated appendicitis. The sampling technique was consecutive non-probability sampling. Confidence interval of 95% and 7% margin of error were considered. The patients with complicated appendicitis on appendicect-omy were included in the study. Demographic data (age, gender), history of active smoking or diabetes mellitus at admission, procedure duration, appendicitis-type according to surgical findings (grossly inflamed, gangrenous, perforated), BMI were noted. All the data were collected on a proforma (Annex 1). SPSS software (version 23.0) was used for data analysis. Results: Out of 131 patients, 88 (67.2%) were males and 43 (32.8%) were females with mean age of 33±2.3 years and mean BMI of 26±5. Frequency of surgical site infections among clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, and dirty wound infections were 5/17 (29%), 20/67 (30%), 13/30 (43%), and 8/17 (49%) respectively. The overall frequency of surgical site infection was 46/131 (35%). Out of these 46 cases, 25 (54.3%) were superficial SSIs, 14 (30.4%) were deep SSIs and 07 (15.2%) were deep/space occupying SSIs. Conclusion: In our study, the frequency of surgical site infections is 35% which is higher compared to other studies conducted. So proper preoperative and postoperative cares should be taken to decrease the frequency or incidence of surgical site infection in the department.

Objective: Comparison of pin site infection rate between schanz screws and k-wires in ilizarov fixator for tibial fracture Methodology: It was a randomized control trial, conducted at department of Orthopedics, Khyber Teaching Hospital, MTI, and Peshawar from July 2021 to June 2022. Sampling Technique was Non-probability consecutive sampling. Patients were divided into two groups using computer generated random sequence number. Patients in group A were stabilized using K-wires and patients in group B were stabilized using k-wire and schanz screws. Data were entered in specially designed proforma. Result: Mean age in group A patients was 35±2.77 years, while in group B it was 38±3.12 years. Gender distribution between two groups was analyzed. In Group A 72.3% were males and 27.7 % females while in Group B patients, 70% were males and 30% were females. Mean duration from injury to surgery was 5 days with SD±2.12 in group A, while 5.5±2.37 days in Group B. Analysis of PSI among both groups shows that Group B, in whom Schanz pins technique was used, had significantly high rates of pin site infection (24.1%) compared to group A (9.6%) in whom K-wires technique was used (p 0.012). Conclusion: Our study concludes that the frequency of pin site infection is significantly less in Ilizarov fixator using K-wires (9.6%) as compared to Ilizarov fixator using Schanz pins(24.1%).

Background: Appendicitis is common problem treated surgically by open or laparoscopic appendectomy. Objectives: To compare short term complications of open versus laparoscopic appendectomy. Study design: Randomized control trial Setting: Department of General Surgery, Mardan Medical Complex, MTI, Mardan. Subjects: Total 110 patients of both gender aged 20 to 40 years undergoing appendectomy were enrolled. Methodology: This study was done from 12thJuly 2020 till 11th January 2021 after approval from hospital ethical committee. Total 110 patients were enrolled and divided in open appendectomy and laparoscopic appendectomy and short term complications were noted. Results: In our study total 110 patients were enrolled and divided in two groups. The mean age of patients was 32.65±4.8 years. There were 25.5% patients in younger age group and 74.5% in elder age group. In our study population there were 26.4% males and 73.6% female patients. The mean body mass index was 30.9±5.5 kg/m2. Mean duration of surgery was 1.4±0.4 hours in laparoscopic group and 1.5±0.4 hours in open appendectomy. The most common complication was wound infection in 12.7%, paralytic ileus in 10.9%, intra-abdominal abscess in 9.1% and vomiting in 6.4% patients. Complication rate was significantly increased in open appendectomy, p-value 0.032. Conclusion: Laparoscopic is safer as compared to open appendectomy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the frequency of microorganisms in septic arthritis in children under the age of 10 years in Peshawar. Method:After approval from hospital ethical board, patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled From the indoor department of Orthopedic of the hospital. A written informed consent was taken from all study participants after explaining the purpose of study. Complete history was taken and physical examinations were done including careful and gentle examination of the affected joint as per protocol. The involved joint was aspirated under sterile precautions in a separate procedure room under ultrasound guidance. Data was recorded by the researcher himself on especially designed proforma (annexure 1). Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 22.0. Results: We included 171 patients with septic arthritis who met the inclusion criteria. Among 171 patients, 99 patients (57.9%) were males. The median age was 3. ). In our studies, 72 patients (42.1%) had staph. aureus on culture , 39 patients (22.8%) had group A streptococcus on culture, 34 patients (19.8%) had E.coli on culture, 17 patients (9.9%)  had streptococcus pneumoniae and 9 patients (5.2%) had other bacteria including  H.influenza , salmonella, P. auroginosa and N.gonorrhoea.