A field experiment was conducted in Coll. of Agriculture-Abu-Graib during two autumn seasons 2011 and 2012. This was to study some of growth criteria, genetic-morphological yield components for hybrids and inbred lines of maize, and to determine the relationship between yield and system capacity constant ( SCC) under two periods of irrigation (5 and 10 days), in addition to determine genotypes that have high yielding ability under sufficient and in insufficient water. A factorial arrangement of RCBD with three replicated was used. The result showed that hybrid Zm607xCA17 gave highest mean of dry matter (16.73 t/ha) and the hybrid CA17xCA21 gave highest mean of leaf area (0.44 m2) and number of kernel per ear (380.60 kernel/ear), while the hybrid OH40xZm51 gave highest mean of kernel weight (286.00 mg/kernel) and the hybrid CA21xZm607 gave highest mean of grain yield (5.69 t/ha) under the period of irrigation 5 days. While under period of irrigation 10 days, the hybrid OH40xZm51 gave highest mean of leaf area (0.41 m2) and the hybrid OH40xCA17 gave highest mean of dry matter (15.01 t/ha) and the hybrid CA17xCA21 gave highest mean of number of kernel per ear (373.38 kernel/ear), while the hybrid Zm51xCA17 was superior in kernel weight (276.00 mg/kernel) and the hybrid CA21xZm607 was gave highest mean of grain yield (4.91 t/ha) during autumn season 2011. During autumn season 2012, the hybrid Zm51xCA17 was superior in leaf area (0.46 m2) and the hybrid CA17xCA21 gave highest means of dry matter and grain yield (17.81 t/ha and 6.69 t/ha) respectively, and the hybrid OH40xCA17 gave highest mean of number of kernel per ear (410.66 kernel/ear), while the hybrid Zm51xCA17 was superior in kernel weight (280.00 mg/kernel) under period of irrigation 5 days. While under the period of irrigation 10 days, the hybrid OH40xCA17 was superior in leaf area (0.43 m2) and the hybrid CA17xCA21 gave highest means of dry matter, number of kernel per ear and grain yield (15.35 t/ha, 379.66 kernel/ear and 5.38 t/ha) respectively, while the hybrid Zm51xCA17 gave highest mean of kernel weight (275 mg/kernel). We can conclude that OH40xZm51, OH40xCA17, CA17xCA21, Zm51xCA17 and CA21xZm607 were best hybrids when application of selection program for water stresses tolerance.
A field experiment was carried out at University of Baghdad -College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences in order to improve the drought tolerance characteristics of Sunflower using the two varieties, Shamos and Local, according to selection criteria; early flowering, low plant height and disk diameter under 10% selection intensity and three irrigation periods (5days, 8days, 10days). A split-plot according to Randomized complete block design was used with three replicates during the spring season of 2019 and 2020. Results revealed that the selection has significantly increased the yield characteristics and the drought stress tolerance; the selected genotype (LD) gave the highest peroxidase enzyme activity 20,708, it also gave the highest stability index of yield reached (79.9). Moreover, Drought stress has significantly increased the enzymes activity in the selected genotypes; the genotype (LD) gave the highest value for the POD enzyme under the irrigation of 10 days reached 26.703 mg -1 . Protein, and the selected genotype (SHS) gave the highest value of SOD enzyme under the drought stress reached 9,093 ml -1 , while the selected genotype (LF) gave the highest value of the CAT enzyme under the 10 day irrigation period reached (25,320) mlg -1 . Protein. The genetic, and phenotypic heterogeneity values did not significantly differ in relative water content and POD enzyme reached (11.95), (11.98), (24.33) and (24.66). The plant's yield varied for the selected genotypes; the genotypes (LD) and (SHD) gave the highest values of plant yield reached (8,240) and (7.341), respectively. While the selected genotype (SHF) gave the highest stress tolerance index reached 0.675. Results also revealed that the five-day irrigation treatment gave the most significant values of all the studied traits, which is not significantly differ from the eight-day irrigation treatment, especially in plant yield. Accordingly, the two varieties, Shamos and Local revealed a high response to selection, and that selection has improved most of the traits and increased the crop's stress tolerance.
 A field experiments was conducted in greenhouse to determinate the genetic diversity among 7 genotypes from maize(4 inbreds and 3hybrids) by using molecular markers with Random Amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD),that shown high level of polymorphism among genotypes of maize ,where the percentage of polymorphism ranged from(66%) and (83.33%) the highest number of polymorphism band (16) and size fragment ranged between (3800 bp) with the primer ( Bnlg 1185 ) and the lowest 180 with the primer( Bnlg 1464).The genetic distance value ranged between (0.3451) and (0.6534) ,where the lowest genic distance between (k1 and k2),while the highest genetic distance between(k4) and (k3xk4).In this study RAPD markers were shown to be powerful to detect genetic diversity and provided us high polymorphism values within genotypes of maize ,also we can conclude for useful those primers for genetic studies in plant breeding programs for developing synthetic cultivars or improved inbreds of maize.Â
A field experiment was carried out in the fields of the college of agricultural engineering sciences, university of Baghdad during the fall season of 2021, in order to find out which of the cultivated genotypes of maize are efficient under nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was applied according to a RCBD (split plot design with three replications). The genotypes of experiment (Baghdad, 5018 and Sarah) and supplying three levels of nitrogen fertilizer, which are N1 (100 kg/ha), N2 (200 kg/ha) and N3 (300 kg/ha), the results of the statistical analysis are showed the superiority of the cultivar Sarah in the trait of number of days until 50% silking, chlorophyll index, number of pods per plant, number of grains per row and number of seeds per row, where their averages were 61 d, 590.27 mg/m2, 2.0 ear-1, 48.78 grains/row and 818.07 ear-1 respectively, there were no significant differences between the genotypes in the traits of number of rows per ear, weight of 100 grains and total grain yield. The increase in nitrogen fertilizer caused an increasing of traits, especially at the highest level N3, where it gave the highest average of the number days 50% tasseling, the number of silking 50%, the number of ears per plant, the number of rows per ear, the number of grains per row, the number of grains per ear, and weight 100 grains, and caused of increasing of characteristic of the total grain yield, and the averages were 59 d, 63.11 d, 2.2 earbuds-1, 18.622 ear-1, 48.78 grains/row, 993.0 grains/ear, 31.78 g, and 14. 88 tons/ha respectively.
The research was aimed at analyzing allelic variants of protein in wheat varieties used in Iraqi bakery and evaluating these varieties via genetic source using grain quality selection. Variety tests were carried out at field experimental station of Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. The analysis of wheat grain quality was made after harvesting in mid August. Allele state of genes controlling the quality of gluten in wheat grain was determined using the PCR method. Samples of Iraqi wheat varieties 12 (soft wheat) and One (durum wheat) are characterized by considerable variation of gluten content and quality. The five varieties whose genotype include an allelic variant of high molecular weight glutenins Glu-D1 5+10 and subunit Glu-A1-2* (Fateh, Tamuz-3, Abighreb-3, Iraq and Maxibak) were also studied. The highest gluten content was from 31.5 % in Iraq to 35.3 % in Fateh variety, while the gluten quality was not below the second group. Five varieties - Farah, AlMurug, Sham-6, Tahadi and Sabirbeg - had unusual combination of the allelic state of Glu-D1 2+12 (which is usually associated with low gluten quality) with a 2* subunit for the Glu-A1 locus, which determines the possibility of improving gluten quality to the wheat varieties.
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