Quantum control is an important basis for quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum simulation. The key of quantum control is to realize quantum logic operators with high fidelity. In this paper, based on spin-1/2 system, the optimal simulation of three Pauli logic operators is carried out by using quantum optimal control theory. Under Pauli z spin-presentation, the results show that under the given quantum initial state, the Pauli operators achieve the expected target quantum state with a high fidelity of 0.9999.When the control pulse is applied on x-axis, the number of iterations required to optimize Pauli x operator to achieve the target state is the least, and the number of iterations required to optimize Pauli z operator is the most. In addition, the comparison shows that when the fidelity reach 0.9999, the population of the quantum final state can reach the ideal theoretical expectation. Besides, the optimization fidelity of Hadamard gate can also reaches 0.9999 based on spin-1/2 system. Finally, the study on the phase evolution of quantum states shows that the phase difference between the initial and final quantum states of optimized Pauli x and Pauli z logic operator is π/2, and there is no phase difference between the final quantum state and the initial quantum state after the evolution of optimized Pauli y operator.

Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease that poses a threat to human health and a considerable loss to livestock farming. At present, clinical therapeutic drugs mainly target T. gondii tachyzoites and fail to eradicate bradyzoites. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against toxoplasmosis is urgent and important. Breast cancer has become a major public health problem and the therapeutic method needs to be further explored. Many similarities exist between the immune responses caused by T. gondii infection and the immunotherapy for cancers. T. gondii dense granule organelles secrete immunogenic dense granule proteins (GRAs). GRA5 is localized to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane in the tachyzoite stage and the cyst wall in the bradyzoite stage. We found that T. gondii ME49 gra5 knockout strain (ME49Δgra5) was avirulent and failed to form cysts but stimulated antibodies, inflammatory cytokines, and leukocytes infiltration in mice. We next investigated the protective efficacy of ME49Δgra5 vaccination against T. gondii infection and tumor development. All the immunized mice survived the challenge infection of either wild-type RH, ME49, VEG tachyzoites, or ME49 cysts. Moreover, ME49Δgra5 tachyzoite inoculation in situ attenuated the growth of murine breast tumor (4T1) in mice and prevented 4T1’s lung metastasis. ME49Δgra5 inoculation upregulated the levels of Th1 cytokines and tumor-infiltrating T cells in the tumor microenvironment and triggered anti-tumor responses by increasing the number of natural killer, B, and T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the spleen. Collectively, these results suggested that ME49Δgra5 was a potent live attenuated vaccine against T. gondii infection and breast cancer.

The highly contagious viral illness Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, has led to nearly 5 million deaths worldwide. The detection of highly infectious pathogens or novel pathogens causing emerging infectious diseases is highly challenging. Encouragingly, spectral detection—including laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and their combinations—has been broadly used to detect pathogenic microorganisms on the basis of their physical and chemical characteristics. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with labels can detect organisms at a minimum concentration of 3 cells/mL. The changes in cells’ biochemical reactions before and after polioviral infection can be detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. However, the sensitivity and specificity of different spectral detection categories differs, owing to their different detection principles. Flexible detection methods require interdisciplinary researchers familiar with both pathogen biology and instruments. This review summarizes the advances in spectral techniques used in detecting pathogenic microorganism.

Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease that poses a threat to human health and a considerable loss to livestock farming. At present, clinical therapeutic drugs mainly target T. gondii tachyzoites and fail to eradicate bradyzoites. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against toxoplasmosis is urgent and important. T. gondii possesses dense granule organelles that secrete immunogenic dense granule proteins (GRAs). GRA5 localizes to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) in the tachyzoite stage and to the cyst wall in the bradyzoite stage. Here we report that gra5 knockout T. gondii strain is avirulent and fails to form cysts, but stimulates sero-conversion in mice. We next investigated the protective efficacy of ME49Δgra5 vaccination against T. gondii infection. All the immunized mice survived the challenge infection with either wild-type RH, ME49, VEG tachyzoites or ME49 cysts. Remarkably, ME49Δgra5 tachyzoites inoculation in situ attenuated the growth of murine breast tumor (4T1) in mice and prevented 4T1's lung metastasis. ME49Δgra5 inoculation might upregulate the levels of Th1 cytokines and tumor-infiltrating T cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) and trigger anti-tumor responses by increasing the number of NK, B, T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) in spleen. Collectively, the results support the potential of ME49Δgra5 as attenuated live vaccine against T. gondii infection and breast cancer.

Quantum control is an important basis for quantum computing, quantum com-munication and quantum simulation. The key of quantum control is to realize quantum logicoperators with high fidelity. In this paper, based on spin-1/2 system, the optimal simulationof three Pauli logic operators is carried out by using quantum optimal control theory. Under Pauli z spin-presentation, the results show that under the given quantum initial state, the Pauli operators achieve the expected target quantum state with a high fidelity of 0.9999. When the control pulse is applied on x-axis, the number of iterations required to optimize Pauli x operator to achieve the target state is the least, and the number of iterations requiredto optimize Pauli z operator is the most. In addition, the comparison shows that when thefidelity reach 0.9999, the population of the quantum final state can reach the ideal theoreti-cal expectation. Besides, the optimization fidelity of Hadamard gate can also reaches 0.9999 based on spin-1/2 system. Finally, the study on the phase evolution of quantum states showsthat the phase difference between the initial and final quantum states of optimized Pauli xand Pauli z logic operator is π/2, and there is no phase difference between the final quantumstate and the initial quantum state after the evolution of optimized Pauli y operator.