This study contributes to understanding students’ emotional responses to academic stressors by integrating grit into the well-established Job Demands-Resources Model and by examining the relationship between academic demands, grit (consistency of interests, perseverance of effort), burnout, engagement, academic achievement, depression, and life satisfaction in Chinese students. We conducted a self-report study with N = 1527 Chinese high school students (Mage = 16.38 years, SD = 1.04). The results of structural equation modeling showed that after controlling for gender, socio-economic status, and school types, demands positively related to burnout and negatively related to engagement. Both facets of grit negatively related to exhaustion, whereas only perseverance of effort positively related to engagement. Burnout positively related to depression and negatively related to life satisfaction, whereas engagement positively related to life satisfaction. However, neither burnout nor engagement was related to academic achievement. Our findings indicate that grit may be protective against school burnout.
The COVID-19 outbreak has been a worldwide challenge for the higher education community. Under lockdown measures, meeting students’ needs and encouraging their engagement in academic work have never been more urgent and challenging. In this study, we investigated the relationship between students’ satisfaction with institutional strategies, students’ optimism and pessimism, satisfaction with basic psychological needs, engagement in academic work, intention to drop out from studies, depression, and well-being. We conducted an online self-report study on N = 477 German college and university students (77.25% females, mean age = 23.96 years, SD = 4.78). The results of structural equation models showed that students’ satisfaction with institutional strategies was positively related to their basic psychological need satisfaction and engagement. Students’ optimism was positively associated with need satisfaction and engagement, whereas pessimism was negatively associated with them. Furthermore, students’ academic engagement was negatively linked to dropout intentions, whereas psychological need satisfaction was linked to depression and well-being. The findings of this study suggest that acknowledging students timely about the institutional strategies of examinations and courses and supporting students to engage academic activities are important institutional tasks during crisis.
Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag wird ein revidierter Test zur Erfassung des bildungswissenschaftlichen Wissens von (angehenden) Lehrkräften, der BilWiss-2.0-Test, vorgestellt, und es werden Hinweise auf die psychometrische Güte der mit dem Instrument gemessenen Testwerte präsentiert. Das bildungswissenschaftliche Wissen umfasst neben unterrichtsnahen Inhalten auch Kenntnisse bspw. über Bildungstheorie, Schulorganisation oder Wissen über den Lehrerberuf. Die Kurzform des revidierten Wissenstests beinhaltet 65 Items, die Langform des Tests 119 Items aus sechs verschiedenen Inhaltsbereichen. Auf der Datengrundlage von 788 Lehramtsstudierenden mehrerer Universitäten wurden 2-PL-Partial-Credit-IRT-Modelle geschätzt. Bezüglich der faktoriellen Struktur zeigte sich in Strukturgleichungsmodellen für die Kurzform, dass sich die sechs Inhaltsbereiche gut als sechs untereinander korrelierende latente Faktoren abbilden lassen. Für die konvergente und prognostische Validität der Testwertinterpretationen sprechen a) schwache statistisch signifikante Korrelationen zwischen der Testleistung und der Anzahl der besuchten relevanten inhaltsspezifischen Lehrveranstaltungen und Studienleistungen und b) statistisch signifikant schlechtere Wissensleistungen von Studierenden, die mindestens einmal eine Prüfung wiederholen mussten, im Vergleich zu Personen, die keinen Wiederholungsversuch benötigten.
The important role of parenting is widely acknowledged, but as most studies have understood and examined it as a stable attribute (e.g., parenting style), the stability of and changes in parenting are less well understood. Using longitudinal person-oriented approaches (i.e., latent profile analyses and latent transition analyses), this study aimed to examine the stability of and changes in autonomy-related parenting profiles and their effects on adolescents’ academic and psychological development. Four autonomy-related dimensions (i.e., autonomy support, warmth, psychological control, conditional regard) were chosen to identify parenting profiles on the basis of Self-Determination Theory. Using five-year longitudinal data from 789 German secondary school students (50.06% female, Mage at T1 = 10.82 years, age span = 10–17), four autonomy-related parenting profiles were found: Supportive (~17%), Controlling (~31%), Unsupportive-Uncontrolling (~17%), and Limited Supportive (~35%). The results suggest that the Supportive profile contributes to adolescents’ positive academic and psychological development, whereas the Controlling profile, which thwarts autonomy development, exacerbates the development of psychopathology, and impairs academic achievement. More importantly, the Limited Supportive profile is as maladaptive as the Unsupportive-Uncontrolling profile. Regarding parenting profiles’ stability and changes, the results showed that about half of each profile stayed in the same group. Overall, it could be observed that parents became more supportive and less controlling over time. However, the findings also indicate that parenting profiles are less stable than expected and can still change during early-to-mid adolescence.
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