This is the first study, in which both PD-L1 and PD-1 expression were analyzed together with the amount of stromal IC infiltration in different histological subtypes of lung cancer before and after platinum-based chemotherapy. Our results confirm that chemotherapy decreases PD-L1 expression of TC in a subset of patients, therefore, rebiopsy and re-evaluation of PD-L1 expression may be necessary for the indication of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
BackgroundUnilateral weakness of an upper extremity is most frequently caused by traumatic nerve injury or compression neuropathy. In rare cases, lesion of the central nervous system may result in syndromes suggesting peripheral nerve damage by the initial examination. Pseudoperipheral hand palsy is the best known of these, most frequently caused by a small lesion in the contralateral motor cortex of the brain. The ‘hand knob’ area refers to a circumscribed region in the precentral gyrus of the posterior frontal lobe, the lesion of which leads to isolated weakness of the upper extremity mimicking peripheral nerve damage. The etiology of this rare syndrome is almost exclusively related to an embolic infarction.Case presentationWe present the case of a 70-year-old male patient with isolated left sided upper extremity weakness and clumsiness without sensory disturbance suggesting a lesion of the radial nerve. Nerve conduction studies had normal results excluding peripheral nerve damage. Neuroimaging (cranial CT and MRI) detected 3 space occupying lesions, one of them in the right precentral gyrus. An irregularly shaped tumor was found by CT in the left lung with multiple associated lymph node conglomerates. The metastasis from this mucinous tubular adenocarcinoma with solid anaplastic parts to the ‘hand knob’ area was responsible for the first clinical sign related to the pulmonary malignancy.ConclusionsPseudoperipheral palsy of the upper extremity is not necessarily the consequence of an embolic stroke. If nerve conduction studies have normal results, neuroimaging – preferably MRI – should be performed, as lesion in the hand-knob area of the precentral gyrus can also be caused by a malignancy.
Sixteen percent of primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by ectopic parathyroid glands. These cases present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. In this article we present the case of a patient underwent surgery for a mediastinal parathyroid adenoma causing symptomatic hypercalcaemia.
analyze the changes of PD-L1,PD-L2 in lung cancer tissues and the changes of TILs ( CD4+,CD8+,CD28+,and CD56+ lymphocytes ) surrounding the tumor before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy(platinum-based),in order to provide a theoretical basis for relevant clinical studies. Method: Tumor samples were obtained from 26 patients who confirmed primary lung cancer before and after NAC from 2009 to 2016 in the First Hospital of Jilin University. The expression of PD-L1, PD-L2 in lung cancer specimens were assessed by IHC. 5%,10%,20%,30%,50% expression thresholds were used to define PD-L1, PD-L2 positive status, respectively. Of 16 patients ( since the biopsy tissue specimens were limited, only 16 cases of biopsy and postoperative tissue specimens were collected), the expression of TILs around the tumor before and after NAC were assessed by IHC. We analyze the changes of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in lung cancer tissues before and after NAC, the correlation between the changes of PD-L1 in lung cancer tissues and tumor shrink rate, the interval from the end of NAC to operation, pathological type, gender and smoking status. Of 16 patients, the changes of TILs around the tumor before and after NAC were also evaluated. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: 1. When using 5%, 10%, and 20% as expression threshold to define PD-L1 positive status, PD-L1 was up-regulated after NAC (P¼0.008,P¼0.016,P¼0.016). However, there were no obviously statistical significance about the expression of PD-L1 when using 30%, 50% expression threshold. The expression of PD-L2 were not show any statistical significance before and after NAC. 2. Of 16 patients, the expression of CD4+, CD8+and CD28+ lymphocytes increased after NAC (P¼0.014,P¼0.038,P¼0.021), whereas the change of CD56+ lymphocytes was not statistical significant. 3. There were no significant difference between the changes of PD-L1 and tumor shrink rate, interval from the end of NAC to operation, pathological type, gender and smoking status . Conclusion: 1. NAC up-regulates the expression of PD-L1 in lung cancer tissues when the expression thresholds are 5%, 10%, and 20%. 2. NAC up-regulates the expression of CD4+, CD8+, and CD28+ lymphocytes. 3. No correlation exists between the variation of PD-L1 and tumor shrink rate, interval from the end of NAC to operation, pathological type, gender and smoking status. Keywords: lung cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)
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