After-sales service is a critical element in the successful marketing of many products. Capital goods, for example, manufacturing equipment, require after-sales service such as maintenance and repair in order for customers to get the full value from them. Some manufacturers have started to offer customers an integrated product and service, termed a product-service system in the academic literature. However, in order to deliver such integrated offerings, a different approach to new product development (NPD) is required. This is because the product design influences after-sales service requirements, and so this needs to be considered during NPD. However, researchers have largely ignored the relationship between NPD and service. To address this gap, six in-depth case studies were conducted at leading companies that offer a combined product-service offering, to identify how service requirements are typically evaluated at the design stage. The results show that at companies where after-sales is an important element of the business, service requirements are systematically evaluated during NPD through the involvement of after-sales personnel and the use of field service data to set design goals.Keywords: word; after-sales service; new product development; product-service systems IntroductionDuring new product development (NPD), manufacturers have traditionally focused on the product features, rather than on after-sales service issues, such as maintenance. However, recent research highlights the move of some manufacturers to offer product-service systems (PSS); a range of services that enables customers to obtain maximum value from their products (Baines et al. 2009). It has been recognised that designing a product-service system requires a different approach to traditional product development (Baines et al. 2009;Sundin, Lindahl, and Ijomah 2009). However, what needs to be done differently has not been adequately investigated (Goffin and New 2001;Bundschuh and Dezvane 2003). Consequently, the aim of this paper is to explore how after-sales service requirements are evaluated during NPD.Six in-depth case studies were conducted at leading companies in a range of B2B and B2C sectors. The results show that after-sales was recognised as an important aspect of the business at the case companies and, consequently, it was evaluated at the design stage of NPD. This was achieved by involving after-sales personnel in the NPD teams and through identification of key aspects of service from field performance data of products. Therefore, the contribution of this paper is to show the importance of after-sales for manufacturers in B2B and B2C markets. Interestingly, it also found that Type 3 PSS, where a manufacturer sells a capability to the customer rather than a product, is maybe not as important as the previous literature has indicated -several of the case organisations clearly identified reasons why Type 3 PSS was inappropriate for their markets.This paper is structured as follows: Section 2 describes three relevant streams of litera...
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