Health professionals, including pharmacists, must be able to connect human organs and systems' structure to their function. Therefore, the theoretical concepts of anatomy and histology are one of the cornerstones in healthcare professional curricula, and understanding these concepts is fundamental for safe practice. Thus, a foundation of anatomy and histology knowledge is crucial for pharmacy graduates upon which they can build their pharmacological knowledge (Finn et al., 2018). Pharmacist training programs in Jordan require anatomy and histology courses and dictate that they should be studied within the first two years (Al-Wazaify et al., 2006). The Higher Education Accreditation Commission (HEAC) inJordan approves and regulates higher education programs, including pharmacy, and it oversees program accreditation guidelines and standards for the medical and health sciences majors. Bachelor of pharmacy program must include a minimum of 160 credit hours per the HEAC (previously 150 credit hours), where a credit hour is

The right azygos lobe is a rare anatomical variant of the upper lung lobe that can be misdiagnosed as a neoplasm, a lung abscess, or a bulla. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of right azygos lobe and to evaluate the ability of postgraduate doctors to correctly identify right azygos lobe. We analyzed a total of 1709 axial thoracic multi-detector computed tomography (CT) images for the presence of an azygos lobe. Additionally, a paper-based survey was distributed among a sample of intern doctors and radiology and surgery residents, asking them to identify the right azygos lobe in a CT image and in an anatomy figure. Results showed that the prevalence of the right azygos lobe in the study sample was 0.88%. Men have more right azygos lobes than women. None of the intern doctors or surgery residents identified the right azygos lobe correctly, whereas more than half (57.1%) of the radiology residents did. Most of the incorrect answers about the CT scan were related to the bronchi (25.0%). The apex of the lung (17.7%) and the superior vena cava (17.7%) were the most common incorrect answers about the anatomy figure. In conclusion, the prevalence of the right azygos lobe in the current study is within the range of previously published literature. More education should be given for the identification of the right azygos lobe during anatomy and clinical teaching.

To investigate the effect of COVID-19 infection or vaccine on IVF outcome. This is a multicenter retrospective study. Data were collected from all patients treated in the ART units between September and November 2021 after the vaccination of the general population began. Medical records of all patients who had IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized into four groups: previously infected by COVID-19, vaccinated by COVID vaccine, previously infected and vaccinated, or neither infected nor vaccinated. Total number of participants 151 (vaccinated only 66, infected only 18, vaccinated and previously infected 34, and control 33. Outcomes (ET on day of trigger, number of oocytes retrieved, quality of oocytes, number of fertilized oocytes, number and quality of embryos, number of embryos transferred, number of embryos frozen, implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate) were compared between these four groups. Moreover, we compared the outcome before and post infection, as well as before and post vaccine in a group of patients. No evidence was found to suggest that COVID-19 disease or SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine adversely affects Clinical pregnancy rates (positive fetal heartbeat) (OR 0.9, CI 0.5–1.9, OR 1.8, CI 0.9–3.6, respectively) and the following parameters: fertilization rate, implantation rate, positive bHcg) (OR 0.9, CI 0.5–1.8, OR 1.5, CI 0.7–2.9, respectively). Although a limitation of our study is the small comparison groups, and the wide confidence intervals in the Odds Ratio estimates.

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural antioxidant that has many biological activities. In the present study we investigated the potential of RA to reverse the negative effects of the widely used antibiotic and antiprotozoal agent metronidazole (MTZ), which is known to induce reversible male infertility. Two doses of RA (5 and 15mg kg) were studied in sexually mature rats with and without MTZ-induced infertility. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with 5mg kg RA or 15mg kg RA (in distilled water) and, 45min later, they were intraperitoneally injected with 40mg kg MTZ (in distilled water). Cauda epididymidal sperm suspensions were used to assess sperm count, motility and morphology. Histological and ultrastructural studies were performed on the testes and cauda epididymidis. In rats in which infertility was not induced, neither dose of RA affected the parameters assessed. However, in sexually mature rats in which infertility was induced by 40mg kg MTZ, RA at both 5 and 15mg kg ameliorated the damaging effects of MTZ on final bodyweight (30 days later), sperm motility and morphology. Only 5mg kg RA, and not 15mg kg RA, improved the harmful effects of MTZ on the sperm count and testis ultrastructure. The findings of the present study have considerable clinical implications and suggest a possible use for RA to reverse the negative effects of MTZ on male fertility, the male reproductive system and spermatogenesis.

Due to the shortage of literature related to the safe use of over‐the‐counter (OTC) products by patients worldwide, the aim of this study was to evaluate people's knowledge and attitudes regarding the use of OTC products in Jordan. Using an internet‐based questionnaire mainly spread through social media platforms, a descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted with Jordanian candidates who consume OTC products. A total of 274 OTC product users answered the survey questions. The results showed that analgesics were the most commonly used OTC products among the participants (50.4%). The majority used the OTC products only as needed rather than on a regular basis. Only 42.4% of the participants sought a pharmacist's help in determining the dose of the OTC medicine. Most of the participants were very interested in reading a patient information leaflet (80.3%) and the side effects and contraindications (89.5%). The majority of participants agreed that antibiotics have to be prescribed (68.5%), and anti‐allergy medications should not be used as sleep aid medications (75.0%). About 53.4% thought that OTCs are sometimes enough to treat their health conditions without the need to follow‐up with a physician. A chi‐square analysis showed an association between gender, age, educational level and having a family member in the medical field and OTC products knowledge among Jordanians. Females, for example, were more interested in reading leaflet, checking production and expiry dates, knowing adverse effects, and appropriate storage conditions (P < .001, 0.022, 0.003, 0.007, respectively). We concluded that a good level of knowledge on the use of OTC products among the study population was identified in the present study.

Sternalis muscle (SM) is an anatomical variant that lies parallel to the sternum. It is present in (8%) of human population. Awareness about its presence during thoracic imaging is important, since it might be misdiagnosed as a tumor. This study is the first that discusses the prevalence of SM in the Jordanian population and document the level of awareness about SM among intern doctors and surgery and radiology residents. Our aims are to know the prevalence of SM in the Jordanian population, using thoracic multi-detector computerized tomography (CT) images, and to assess the awareness about SM among a sample of intern and resident Jordanian physicians. Random anonymous axial thoracic multi-detector CT images of 1,709 (801 females and 908 males) Jordanian patients, were examined for the presence or absence of unilateral and/ or bilateral SM. A questionnaire aiming to identify SM was distributed among 175 intern doctors, 26 surgery resident and 28 radiology resident doctors, their answers were summarized. The prevalence of SM among Jordanians is 5.9%. The prevalence of unilateral SM is 2.1% on the right side of the thorax and 1.9% on the left side, bilateral prevalence was 1.8%. While 35.7% of the radiology residents could identify SM using CT and/or anatomy images, only 3.9% of surgery residents and none of the intern doctors could. We concluded that SM is present in the Jordanian population, with a prevalence of 5.9% which falls within the global average. Intern doctors and surgery and radiology residents are almost unaware and unfamiliar about SM.

It is Cannabis-derived cannabinoid receptors type 2 (CB2R) agonist. CBR2 are expressed in germ cells within the testes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of b-Car on the male rat body weight, sex organ weight, sperm count, motility and morphology, and on the histology and the ultrastructure of the testes and the cauda epididymides. Moreover, we compared these effects with the results of the reversible infertility inducer: metronidazole (MTZ). Sexually mature male rats were divided into five groups that received intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg b-Car, 40 mg/kg MTZ, distilled water, tween 80 in normal saline solution (10 % v/v), or did not receive any treatment for an experimental period of 30 days. Cauda epididymal sperm suspensions were used to assess the sperm count, motility, and morphology. Histological and ultrastructural studies were performed on testes and cauda epididymides. Treatment with b-Car (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased the final body weight, but did not affect the sex organ weight. It resulted in a significant decrease in cauda epididymal sperm count, percentages of motile sperms, and sperms with normal morphology. Nevertheless, it neither affected the histology nor the ultrastructure of the testes or the cauda epididymides of the treated rats. As a CB2R, b-Car could be a promising natural male contraceptive, because 30-day treatment with 10 mg/kg b-Car did not affect spermatogenesis but negatively affected spermiogenesis.

Background: The COVID-19 lockdowns imposed new challenges to couples who were planning to conceive. In this research paper, we aimed to study the perceptions of women in Jordan during the pandemic regarding fertility behavior, the desire to use assisted reproductive technology (ART) and the awareness and beliefs of potential risks related to conception. Methods: A validated online-based questionnaire was distributed to women from April–May 2020, Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS version 22 and R software (2020); p values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The total number of participants was 814 women, with 78.2% of the participants (58.7% fertile and 76.6% infertile) believing that pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic could be risky. Among them, 16% and 40%, respectively, were trying to conceive during the pandemic, and 97.4% and 89.9%, respectively, were not willing to use ART if needed during the pandemic. Young, nulliparous women who were married for less than one year were significantly associated with the desire to conceive during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: This study concluded that the fertility behavior of women in Jordan changed during the pandemic, and their desire for natural conception and for using ART declined, as they believed that there were potential risks related to conceiving during the pandemic. However, the effect was greater among the general fertile population than the infertile.