Lung cancer has an exceptionally high incidence and mortality among all tumors worldwide. It is predicted that there would be 228,820 cases newly diagnosed with lung cancer, and 135,720 cases would die from this tumor in 2020, causing a tremendous social burden. 1 Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma constitute the central part of lung cancer and the former accounts for approximately 25%-30% of all lung. In recent years, the survival of patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma has been dramatically improved due to
Discrete element simulation model and cutting tests are conducted to investigate the surface damage during the machining of green ZrO 2 ceramics.The discrete element simulation model (DEM) is developed based on the macroscopic physical and mechanical properties of the isostatically pressed green ZrO 2 ceramics. The validity of the simulation model is verified by cutting tests on green ZrO 2 ceramics. The results show that the physical and mechanical properties of the DEM model established by the PFC2D software are consistent with the macroscopic physical and mechanical properties of the green ZrO 2 ceramics. The depth of cut, the cutting speed, and the tool rake angles have a large effect on surface/subsurface cracks. The tool rear angle has large effect on the distribution of the peak residual stresses. When the cutting force increases suddenly, the number of cracks produced increases sharply. Smaller cutting force can reduce the number of cracks and surface damage.
Background
Exergames are promising exercise tools for improving health. To the best of our knowledge, no systematic review has compared the effects of commercial exergames and conventional exercises on improving executive functions (EFs) in children and adolescents.
Objective
This study aimed to investigate the effects of commercial exergames and conventional exercises on improving EFs in children and adolescents.
Methods
Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, 5 randomized controlled trial (RCT) databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus) were searched from their inception to July 7, 2022, to identify relevant RCTs. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias for each study. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) was used to evaluate the overall quality of evidence.
Results
In total, 8 RCTs including 435 children and adolescents were included in the analysis. Commercial exergames had no significant benefit on overall EFs compared to conventional exercises (Hedges g=1.464, 95% CI –0.352 to 3.280; P=.06). For core EFs, there was no evidence to suggest that commercial exergames are more beneficial for improving cognitive flexibility (g=0.906, 95% CI –0.274 to 2.086; P=.13), inhibitory control (g=1.323, 95% CI –0.398 to 3.044; P=.13), or working memory (g=2.420, 95% CI –1.199 to 6.038; P=.19) than conventional exercises. We rated the evidence for overall EFs, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory as being of very low quality due to inconsistency (large heterogeneity) and imprecision (low number of people). Additionally, no effects of the intervention were observed in the acute and chronic groups.
Conclusions
We do not have strong evidence to support the benefit of commercial exergaming on EFs because we did not observe a Hedges g close to 0 with tight CIs. Further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Trial Registration
PROSPERO CRD42022324111; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=324111
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