The appearance of next generation sequencing technology that features short read length with high measurement throughput and low cost has revolutionized the field of life science, medicine, and even computer science. The subsequent development of the third-generation sequencing technologies represented by nanopore and zero-mode waveguide techniques offers even higher speed and long read length with promising applications in portable and rapid genomic tests in field. Especially under the current circumstances, issues such as public health emergencies and global pandemics impose soaring demand on quick identification of origins and species of analytes through DNA sequences. In addition, future development of disease diagnosis, treatment, and tracking techniques may also require frequent DNA testing. As a result, DNA sequencers with miniaturized size and highly integrated components for personal and portable use to tackle increasing needs for disease prevention, personal medicine, and biohazard protection may become future trends. Just like many other biological and medical analytical systems that were originally bulky in sizes, collaborative work from various subjects in engineering and science eventually leads to the miniaturization of these systems. DNA sequencers that involve nanoprobes, detectors, microfluidics, microelectronics, and circuits as well as complex functional materials and structures are extremely complicated but may be miniaturized with technical advancement. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art technology in developing essential components in DNA sequencers and analyzes the feasibility to achieve miniaturized DNA sequencers for personal use. Future perspectives on the opportunities and associated challenges for compact DNA sequencers are also identified.
Transient electronics that can chemically or physically disappear after a period of stable operation have been achieved through various metal and semiconductor materials. Despite excellent properties and wide availability of 2D materials and van der Waals (vdW) thin‐film electronics, transient films and devices based on them have rarely been reported, not to mention large‐area production with high throughput. Here, a photonic sintering approach is developed to achieve large‐area transient vdW films that may be used for bioresorbable devices. The approach can process 2D materials such as graphite, graphene, and transition metal sulfide, resulting in continuous films that are 10 × 10 cm2 in area and ≈60 to ≈440 nm in thickness on transient substrates. The influence of interfacial adhesion and sintering conditions to the thickness and the electrical properties of transient graphite films is investigated. In addition, the transient films can yield conductive patterns such as biopotential electrodes, interdigital electrodes, and resistor arrays using complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication processes or a two‐step sintering method. The photonic sintering method may eventually lead to large‐area transient electronics for innovative applications in healthcare, data security, and consumer electronics, and enrich the category of transient electronics through achievement of more printable transient vdW electronics.
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