The next frontier for the Internet leading by innovations in mobile computing, in particular, 5G, together with blockchains' transparency, immutability, provenance, and authenticity, indicates the potentials of running a new generation of applications on the mobile internet. A 5G-enabled blockchain system is structured as a hierarchy and needs to deal with different challenges such as maintaining blockchain ledger at different spatial domains and various levels of the networks, efficient processing of cross-domain transactions, establishing consensus among heterogeneous nodes, and supporting delay-tolerant mobile transactions. In this paper, we present Saguaro, a hierarchical permissioned blockchain designed specifically for Internet-scale mobile networks. Saguaro benefits from the hierarchical structure of mobile network infrastructure to address the aforementioned challenges. Our extensive experimental results demonstrate the high potential of Saguaro being the first 5G-enabled permissioned blockchain system in the community.
Private blockchain as a replicated transactional system shares many commonalities with distributed database. However, the intimacy between private blockchain and deterministic database has never been studied. In essence, private blockchain and deterministic database both ensure replica consistency by determinism. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis to uncover the connections between private blockchain and deterministic database. While private blockchains have started to pursue deterministic transaction executions recently, deterministic databases have already studied deterministic concurrency control protocols for almost a decade. This motivates us to propose Harmony, a novel deterministic concurrency control protocol designed for blockchain use. We use Harmony to build a new relational blockchain, namely HarmonyBC, which features low abort rates, hotspot resiliency, and inter-block parallelism, all of which are especially important to disk-oriented blockchain. Empirical results on Smallbank, YCSB, and TPC-C show that HarmonyBC offers 2.0x to 3.5x throughput better than the state-of-the-art private blockchains.
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