Abstract. Alveolar adenoma is an extremely rare benign tumor of the lung derived from type II pneumocytes. To date, only a limited number of alveolar adenoma cases have been reported in the literature. These tumors are usually discovered incidentally on radiographic images. However, other tumor types must be excluded when the characteristics of alveolar adenoma are not typical on the radiographic images. Therefore, diagnosis of alveolar adenomas is based on the combination of gross structural analysis and immunohistochemistry. The present study described a case of alveolar adenoma in a 47-year-old female patient. A chest X-ray revealed a pulmonary lesion in the right lower lobe and, subsequently, the patient underwent a right lower lobectomy. Pathological examination of the surgically resected tissue confirmed the initial diagnosis of alveolar adenoma. In addition, intracranial vascular malformations were detected on a computed tomography scan, but the patient did not experience any notable symptoms. Considering the benign nature of the malformations, as determined by digital subtraction angiography, the patient selected to undergo follow-up with observation only. The postoperative course was uneventful and no recurrence of pulmonary lesions was noted after >4 years, while the condition of the intracranial lesion was stable. In conclusion, the current study described a unique case of adenoma alveolar coexisting with intracranial vascular malformations. A literature review of previously-reported alveolar adenoma cases was also conducted.
The powertrain electrification is an effective solution to emission reduction of mobile machines. To overcome the low power density of electric drive, a hydraulic accumulator is introduced as a supplementary power source. In this paper an electric-hydraulic hybrid powertrain solution is studied for wheel loader propulsion system, where it combines the energy density of electric drive and high power density of hydraulic drive. The energy management strategy is essential for hybrid powertrain since it determines how efficiently the power is transferred between different energy sources. In this paper a mode-driven control strategy for electric-hydraulic hybrid wheel loader is proposed to achieve electric power reduction over power follower strategy (baseline strategy), without sacrificing electric energy use and vehicle operation hours. In the strategy four modes are defined and the expected hydraulic SOC (system pressure) profile in each mode is scheduled to provide supplementary power assist and capture regenerative braking energy. By setting the pressure profile, the hydraulic charge sustaining is guaranteed. The system operation with mode-driven strategy is compared with power follower strategy through simulation studies. Results show that peak powers of battery and electric motor with mode-driven strategy are reduced by nearly 30% compared to power follower strategy. Results also show that the vehicle operation hour has been slightly increased by 3% by using mode-driven strategy. These results verify the effectiveness of proposed strategy for electric-hydraulic hybrid wheel loader.
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