Findings from observational studies on the associations between vitamin E intake and stroke risk remain controversial, and the dose–response relationship between vitamin E intake and risk of stroke remains to be determined. We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective studies aiming to clarify the relationships between vitamin E intake and risk of stroke. Relevant studies were identified by searching online databases through to June 2018. We computed summary relative risks (RR) with corresponding 95 % CI. Among 3156 articles retrieved from online databases and relevant bibliographies, nine studies involving 3284 events and 220 371 participants were included in the final analyses. High dietary vitamin E intake was inversely associated with the risk of overall stroke (RR=0·83, 95 % CI 0·73, 0·94), and with the risk of stroke for individuals who were followed-up for <10 (RR=0·84, 95 % CI 0·72, 0·91). There was a non-linear association between dietary vitamin E intake and stroke risk (P=0·0249). Omission of any single study did not alter the summary result. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that there is a significant inverse relationship between dietary vitamin E intake and stroke risk. This meta-analysis provides evidence that a higher dietary vitamin E intake is associated with a lower stroke risk.
Cotton fiber is a biodegradable material that possesses properties such as high specific area, adjustable shape, and hygroscopicity. In this work, organic polymer was directly in situ grown on the surface of cotton thread and packed into a poly(ether ether ketone) tube for online in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction. The novel strategy solves the problems like high backpressure and tedious optimization process of normal monolithic polymer‐based in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction capillary. The quaternary ammonium typed ionic liquid of 1‐allyl‐methylimidazolium chloride, 4‐vinylbiphenyl, and ethylene dimethacrylate were co‐polymerized and in situ grown on the surface of cotton thread as extraction phase. The solid‐phase microextraction tube showed excellent performance for the extraction of three nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs including ketoprofen, naproxen, and flurbiprofen due to the strong ion exchange and hydrophobic interactions. After online coupling with a high‐performance liquid chromatography system by six‐port valve, the method was applied for the quantitative analysis of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in human plasma samples showing good enrichment performance (enrichment factor between 263 and 279), high sensitivity, good linearity, and good reproducibility.
Online coupling in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with mass spectrometry (MS) was achieved by directly utilizing a monolithic SPME capillary as the electrospray emitter. A porous organic polymer with a highly porous structure can not only provide excellent extraction efficiency due to its high specific surface area but also increase the ionization efficiency and stability by producing smaller electrospray droplets. This online coupling strategy significantly simplifies the device as well as the operation process. The whole analytical process only takes about 12 min with a sample amount of 100 μL. By choosing an ionic liquid-based organic polymer with high extraction ability and good stability and adjusting a suitable porous structure for better electrospray, the developed in-tube SPME-MS method showed excellent extraction performance and good reusability without clogging events. As a proof of concept, the proposed method was applied for the analysis of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs in plasma and urine samples. The method showed a wide linear range (0.1−200 ng/mL), good linearity (R 2 ≥ 0.99), and good reproducibility (intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) <3.00% and inter-day RSDs <6.29%).
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