hypertension, diabetes, kidney stones, and cardiovascular diseases. [5][6][7][8] Especially, hyperuricemia promotes the development of gout in which monosodium urate crystals are deposited in joints and peripheral tissues to result in acute and chronic inflammatory arthritis. [7] Although some drugs, like allopurinol and febuxostat, have been utilized for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout, they can only alleviate the symptoms rather than fundamentally cure the hyperuricemia due to their lack of the capability to dissolve and eliminate existing UA. [9][10][11][12][13] Uricase, as a therapeutic enzyme, can lower the plasma UA level by catalyzing the conversion of UA to allantoin and H 2 O 2 , thus uricasebased UA degradation medications, such as recombinant uricase (rasburicase) and PEGylated recombinant uricase (pegloticase), have been approved for the clinical treatment of hyperuricemia and related diseases. [10,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] However, more extensive application of uricase in clinic has been hindered by drawbacks such as vulnerable activities against environments, low catalytic activity and overproduction of pro-inflammatory hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which lead to limited therapeutic effect and undesirable side effects. [22][23][24][25][26] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel enzyme delivery systems, with enhanced stabilities, long blood-circulation, good therapeutic efficacy and meanwhile reducing unwanted side effects, for hyperuricemia therapy.Recently, nanozymes, as alternatives to natural enzymes, have drawn tremendous attention for applications in biosensing, imaging, therapy, and environmental protection due to their higher stabilities, easier storage, lower costs and adjustable catalytic activities compared with the natural counterparts. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Especially, nanozymes as nanomaterials not only display the intrinsic enzyme-like activities, producing or excluding reactive oxygen species (ROS), but also can be combined with enzymes for cascade catalysis. [11,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42] For example, by integrating glucose oxidase (GOx) and ultrasmall Fe 3 O 4 nanozyme into the dendritic silica nanoparticles (NPs), Shi and coworkers fabricated a sequential nanocatalyst, in which GOx could effectively catalyze glucose in tumor cells into abundant H 2 O 2 , and the elevated H 2 O 2 was then catalyzed by the Fe 3 O 4 NPs via Nanozyme-based cascade reaction has emerged as an effective strategy for disease treatment because of its high efficiency and low side effects. Herein, a new and highly active two-dimensional Pd-Ru nanozyme is prepared and then integrated with uricase and red blood cell (RBC) membrane to fabricate a tandem nanoreactor, Pd-Ru/Uricase@RBC, for hyperuricemia treatment. The designed Pd-Ru/Uricase@RBC nanoreactor displayed not only good stability against extreme pH, temperature and proteolytic degradation, but also long circulation half-life and excellent safety. The nanoreactor can effectively degrade UA by uricase to allant...
Noble metal nanozymes have shown great promise in biomedicine; however, developing novel and high-performance noble metal nanozymes is still highly pressing and challenging. Herein, we, for the first time, prepared two-dimensional (2D) Pd@Ir bimetal nanosheets (NSs) with well-defined size and composition by a facile seed-mediated growth strategy. Enzyme-mimicked investigations find that the Pd@Ir NSs possess oxidase (OXD)-, peroxidase (POD)-, and catalase (CAT)-like multienzyme-mimetic activities. Especially, they exhibited much higher OXD- and POD-like activities than individual Pd NSs and Ir nanoparticles (NPs). The density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the adsorption energy of O2 on Pd@Ir NSs is lower than that on the pure Pd NSs, which is more favorable for the conversion of O2 molecules from the triplet state (3O2) into the singlet state (1O2). Finally, based on the outstanding nanozyme activities to yield highly active singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) as well as excellent biosafety, the as-prepared Pd@Ir NSs were applied to treat bacteria-infected wounds, and satisfactory therapeutic outcomes were achieved. We believe that the highly efficient 2D Pd@Ir nanozyme will be an effective therapeutic reagent for various biomedical applications.
Enzyme cascade reaction that integrated nature enzyme and nanozyme has attracted intensive attention in biomedical studies. Nevertheless, it is still an important challenge to design simple, high-performance and safe cascade...
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