Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a cylindrical vector beam (CVB) sorter based on a spin-dependent spiral transformation. By exploiting the spin–orbital interaction of the geometric phase, a pair of conjugated spiral transformations are applied to modulate the two orthogonal circularly polarized components of the CVB, which are converted into the same linear phase gradient from opposite azimuthal phase gradients. Since the orthogonal spin components of CVBs with different polarization orders carry different phase gradients, under the convergence of a convex lens, the coaxially transmitted CVBs can be sorted with spatially separated positions, and the increased phase gradient provided by the spiral transformation yields the high resolution. We show that five CVB modes from
−
2
to
+
2
are successfully sorted with a separation efficiency of 3.65. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate a two-channel CVB multiplexing communication with a bit error rate approaching
10
−
6
. In addition to providing an avenue for CVB demultiplexing, our results show potential applications in mode filtering and mode routing in all-optical interconnection.
Acute Hamstring Strain Injury (HSI) is a traumatic condition involving a partial or complete tear of the hamstring and is usually accompanied by a sharp pain with inflammation and haemorrhage. It is a highly prevalent injury among athletes, particularly in field sports. This study discusses the general anatomy of the hamstring associated with acute HSI to better understand its injury mechanism. Acute HSIs mainly occur in the myotendinous junction (MTJ) during eccentric muscle activation with excessive tension transmitted between muscle and tendon tissues. Furthermore, this study suggests the posttrauma evaluation of acute HSIs, including injury history, hamstring strength test, range of motion/flexibility test and palpation test to identify the injury location and estimate the muscle strains' severity. Finally, this review describes the injury management schemes for acute HSIs emphasising the initial treatment based on the RICE principle followed by a later rehabilitation program to prevent acute HSIs recurrence with effective recovery strategies for a faster return to sports.
This paper mainly investigates and analyzes the environment quality of Dalian Maple Leaf International School. Firstly, indoor and outdoor environment parameters are measured, including air quality parameters, noise level parameters, and illuminance parameters. Secondly, by the comparison with environmental quality standards stipulated by China, the environment quality in Dalian Maple Leaf International School is assessed. Finally, some suggestions are given to improve the school environment quality.
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