The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of flavonoids luteolin (L) and quercetin + luteolin (Q + L) in combination with commonly used antibacterial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates and S. aureus (ATCC 43300). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of L and Q + L, as well as the MICs of flavonoids in combination with antibiotics were determined and results showed an increased activity of flavonoids with antibiotics. The synergistic, additive, or antagonistic relationships between flavonoids (L and Q + L) and antibiotics were also evaluated, and additive and synergistic effects were observed for some antibiotic + flavonoid combinations. In addition, some combinations were also found to damage the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, as assessed through potassium leakage assay. The effects of flavonoids and flavonoids + antibiotics on mecA gene mutations were also tested, and no functional variation was detected in the coding region.
found to be least effective against most of the tested organisms. Moderate antibacterial activity has been studied with chloroform extracts while ethanolic fractions have been investigated to show optimum activity against nearly all chosen strains. Levofloxacin, the semi-synthetic broad spectrum antibiotic was used as standard Compare to levofloxacin, bio active fractions of Piper betel showed maximum activity against the Klebsiella pneumonia. This study reports the possible activity of Piper betel leaf in arresting the growth of selected bacterial strains. It has been expected that the present work on antimicrobial isolation of the plant bio active parts will lead to the researchers who continue work that may bring clinical success concerning the fatal diseases.
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