The recent discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in single-layer iron selenide has generated significant experimental interest for optimizing the superconducting properties of iron-based superconductors through the lattice modification. For simulating the similar effect by changing the chemical composition due to S doping, we investigate the superconducting properties of high-quality single crystals of FeSe$_{1-x}$S$_{x}$ ($x$=0, 0.04, 0.09, and 0.11) using magnetization, resistivity, the London penetration depth, and low temperature specific heat measurements. We show that the introduction of S to FeSe enhances the superconducting transition temperature $T_{c}$, anisotropy, upper critical field $H_{c2}$, and critical current density $J_{c}$. The upper critical field $H_{c2}(T)$ and its anisotropy are strongly temperature dependent, indicating a multiband superconductivity in this system. Through the measurements and analysis of the London penetration depth $\lambda _{ab}(T)$ and specific heat, we show clear evidence for strong coupling two-gap $s$-wave superconductivity. The temperature-dependence of $\lambda _{ab}(T)$ calculated from the lower critical field and electronic specific heat can be well described by using a two-band model with $s$-wave-like gaps. We find that a $d$-wave and single-gap BCS theory under the weak-coupling approach can not describe our experiments. The change of specific heat induced by the magnetic field can be understood only in terms of multiband superconductivity.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figure

In a 3.5-year long study, the long-term performance of a mobile, solar absorption Bruker EM27/SUN spectrometer, used for greenhouse gas observations, is checked with respect to a co-located reference Bruker IFS 125HR spectrometer, which is part of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We find that the EM27/SUN is stable on timescales of several years; the drift per year between the EM27/SUN and the official TCCON product is 0.02 ppmv for XCO 2 and 0.9 ppbv for XCH 4 , which is within the 1σ precision of the comparison, 0.6 ppmv for XCO 2 and 4.3 ppbv for XCH 4 . The bias between the two data sets is 3.9 ppmv for XCO 2 and 13.0 ppbv for XCH 4 . In order to avoid sensitivity-dependent artifacts, the EM27/SUN is also compared to a truncated IFS 125HR data set derived from full-resolution TCCON interferograms. The drift is 0.02 ppmv for XCO 2 and 0.2 ppbv for XCH 4 per year, with 1σ precisions of 0.4 ppmv for XCO 2 and 1.4 ppbv for XCH 4 , respectively. The bias between the two data sets is 0.6 ppmv for XCO 2 and 0.5 ppbv for XCH 4 . With the presented long-term stability, the EM27/SUN qualifies as an useful supplement to the existing TCCON network in remote areas. To achieve consistent performance, such an extension requires careful testing of any spectrometers involved by application of common quality assurance measures. One major aim of the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) infrastructure is to provide these services to all EM27/SUN operators. In the framework of COC-CON development, the performance of an ensemble of 30 EM27/SUN spectrometers was tested and found to be very uniform, enhanced by the centralized inspection performed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology prior to deployment. Taking into account measured instrumental line shape parameters for each spectrometer, the resulting average bias across the ensemble with respect to the reference EM27/SUN used in the long-term study in XCO 2 is 0.20 ppmv, while it is 0.8 ppbv for XCH 4 . The average standard deviation of the ensemble is 0.13 ppmv for XCO 2 and 0.6 ppbv for XCH 4 . In addition to the robust metric based on absolute differences, we calculate the standard deviation among the empirical calibration factors. The resulting 2σ uncertainty is 0.6 ppmv for XCO 2 and 2.2 ppbv for XCH 4 . As indicated by the executed long-term study on one device presented here, the remaining empirical calibration factor deduced for each individual instrument can be assumed constant over time. Therefore the application of these empirical factors is expected to further improve the EM27/SUN network conformity beyond the scatter among the empirical calibration factors reported above.

Layered non-centrosymmetric bismuth tellurohalides are being examined as candidates for topological insulators. Pressure is believed to be essential for inducing and tuning topological order in these systems. Through electrical transport and Raman scattering measurements, we find superconductivity in two high-pressure phases of BiTeCl with the different normal state features, carrier characteristics, and upper critical field behaviors. Superconductivity emerges when the resistivity maximum or charge density wave is suppressed by the applied pressure and then persists till the highest pressure of 51 GPa measured. The huge enhancement of the resistivity with three magnitude of orders indicates the possible achievement of the topological order in the dense insulating phase. These findings not only enrich the superconducting family from topological insulators but also pave the road on the search of topological superconductivity in bismuth tellurohalides.PACS numbers: 74.62. Fj, 74.25.Dw, Topological insulators represent the newly discovered phase of matter with insulating bulk state but topologically protected metallic surface state due to the timereversal symmetry and strong spin-orbital interaction [1,2]. Searching for topological superconductivity is one of the hottest topics due to the exploration of fundamental physics and the potential applications in topological quantum computation [3,4] [15]. However, the identification of their topological superconductivity is still a hard task and under debate [7,9]. In most cases, pressure is needed to drive topological insulators to superconductors. Superconductivity is usually accompanied by the electronic topological transition and/or structural transition [6,11]. It remains unclear whether such a transition is essential for inducing superconductivity in topological insulators.The class of non-centrosymmetric bismuth tellurohalides (BiTeX with X=Cl, Br, I) exhibit large Rashbatype splittings in the bulk bands [16][17][18][19][20], and they are potential candidates for building the spintronic devices. Pressure-induced topological quantum phase transition was predicted for Rashba semiconductor BiTeI [21]. However, controversial conclusions were drawn from the following experiments on this material [22,23]. Recently, BiTeCl was discovered to be the first example of inversion asymmetric topological insulator (IATI) from angleresolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiment [24]. This was soon supported by the transport measurement [25]. Unlike the previously discovered three dimensional topological insulators with inversion symmetry, the inversion symmetry is naturally broken by the crystal structure in IATI. It is highly possible to realize the topological magneto-electric effects and the topological superconductivity [24,26,27]. However, quantum oscillation measurements excluded the existence of Dirac surface state in BiTeCl single crystals [28,29]. Such contradiction may come from the strong surface polarity which would generate large effective pressure along the ...