We reported the selective electrochemical reduction of oxygen (O 2 )t oh ydroxylr adicals (COH) via 3-electron pathway with FeCo alloye ncapsulated by carbon aerogel (FeCoC). The graphite shell with exposed -COOH is conducive to the 2-electron reduction pathway for H 2 O 2 generation stepped by 1-electron reduction towardst oCOH. The electrocatalytic activity can be regulated by tuning the local electronic environment of carbon shell with the electrons coming from the inner FeCo alloy. The new strategy of COH generation from electrocatalytic reduction O 2 overcomes the rate-limiting step over electron transfer initiated by reduction-/oxidation-state cycle in Fenton process.F ast and complete removal of ciprofloxacin was achieved within 5min in this proposed system, the apparent rate constant (k obs )w as up to 1.44 AE 0.04 min À1 ,w hich is comparable with the state-of-the-art advanced oxidation processes.T he degradation rate almost remains the same after 50 successive runs,s uggesting the satisfactory stability for practical applications.

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Aim:To investigate the population pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of bivalirudin, a synthetic bivalent direct thrombin inhibitor, in young healthy Chinese subjects. Methods: Thirty-six young healthy volunteers were randomly assigned into 4 groups received bivalirudin 0.5 mg/kg, 0.75 mg/kg, and 1.05 mg/kg intravenous bolus, 0.75 mg/kg intravenous bolus followed by 1.75 mg/kg intravenous infusion per hour for 4 h. Blood samples were collected to measure bivalirudin plasma concentration and activated clotting time (ACT). Population PK-PD analysis was performed using the nonlinear mixed-effects model software NONMEM. The final models were validated with bootstrap and predictioncorrected visual predictive check (pcVPC) approaches. Results: The final PK model was a two-compartment model without covariates. The typical PK population values of clearance (CL), apparent distribution volume of the central-compartment (V 1 ), inter-compartmental clearance (Q) and apparent distribution volume of the peripheral compartment (V 2 ) were 0.323 L·h -1 ·kg -1 , 0.086 L/kg, 0.0957 L·h -1 ·kg -1 , and 0.0554 L/kg, respectively. The inter-individual variabilities of these parameters were 14.8%, 24.2%, fixed to 0% and 15.6%, respectively. The final PK-PD model was a sigmoid E max model without the Hill coefficient. In this model, a covariate, red blood cell count (RBC*), had a significant effect on the EC 50 value. The typical PD population values of maximum effect (E max ), EC 50 , baseline ACT value (E 0 ) and the coefficient of RBC* on EC 50 were 318 s, 2.44 mg/L, 134 s and 1.70, respectively. The inter-individual variabilities of E max , EC 50 , and E 0 were 6.80%, 46.4%, and 4.10%, respectively. Conclusion: Population PK-PD models of bivalirudin in healthy young Chinese subjects have been developed, which may provide a reference for future use of bivalirudin in China.

Aim: To characterize the pharmacokinetics (PKs), pharmacodynamics (PDs), and tolerability of different dose regimens of prasugrel in healthy Chinese subjects. Methods: This was a single-centered, open-label, parallel-design study. Subjects received a single loading dose (LD) of prasugrel followed by once-daily maintenance dose (MD) for 10 d. They were enrolled into 3 groups: 60 mg LD/10 mg MD; 30 mg LD/7.5 mg MD; 30 mg LD/5 mg MD. Blood samples were collected after the first and last dose. The serum concentration of the active metabolite of prasugrel was determined using a LC/MS/MS method. Platelet aggregation was assessed using the VerifyNow-P2Y 12 assay. Results: Thirty-six healthy native Chinese subjects (19 males) aged 18-45 were enrolled; mean age and body weight were similar across the treatment groups (n=12 for each). The metabolite AUC 0-4 and C max increased dose-proportionally across the dose range of 5 mg to 60 mg. The median T max was 0.5 h in all groups. The PD parameters, indicated by the inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, were met more rapidly in the 60 mg group than the 30 mg group after the LD (94%-98%). This high degree of inhibition of platelet aggregation was maintained following the 10 mg MD (87%-90%) and was lower in the 7.5 mg and 5 mg MD groups (79%-83% and 64%-67%, respectively). Prasugrel was well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects for single doses up to 60 mg and a MD of 10 mg for 10 d. Conclusion: The PKs and PDs of the active metabolite of prasugrel were similar to those in Chinese subjects reported by a previous bridging study, which demonstrated that the exposure to the active metabolite in Chinese subjects was higher than in Caucasians.

Fabricating a network structure is an efficient way to increase the electrocatalytic activity of a catalyst. In this study, a network-like structure of PtRuNi with rich grain boundaries characterized via scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy was prepared by an electrochemical dealloying process. For methanol oxidation, PtRuNi networks show an onset potential of 0.40 V with a mass activity of 220 mA mgPt-1 for methanol oxidation. The good catalytic activity of PtRuNi networks could be ascribed to the unique structure of a net framework with rich grain boundaries.