Chinese Public Administration Review
CPARThis article synthesizes a cross-disciplinary literature review of 205 articles from Chinese top journals and presents a comprehensive picture of corruption and anti-corruption research in a non-Western setting. By attempting to describe how corruption negatively affects the public administration and how improved public administration can mitigate corruption, this study finds that the Chinese research is gradually shifting from qualitative analysis to quantitative research but that empirical research needs to be developed further. In addition, in the review, human greed, economic transition, institutional omissions, a weak civil society, and social and cultural traditions are found to be the main causes of corruption in China. The effect of corruption on economic development differs on the basis of the institutional situation and social environment, but the influence of corruption on social stability and public satisfaction with the government is often negative in China. In addition, the anti-corruption mechanism has changed from the campaign against corruption (1950s-1980s) to institutionalized anti-corruption (1990s) and finally to anti-corruption through new media platforms (since the 2000s). Evaluations of anti-corruption effects are still lacking in China, especially in empirical studies. The following three aspects deserve further study: (1) the corruption mechanisms, (2) the impact of the establishment of new state institutions on anti-corruption, and (3) the relationship between political factors and anti-corruption efforts in China.
To investigate the natural convection heat transfer of Fe 3 O 4 -water nanofluids in a rectangular cavity under an adjustable magnetic field, two experimental systems are established. Meanwhile, several factors, such as nanoparticle mass fractions (ω=0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%), magnetic field directions (horizontal and vertical), magnetic field intensities (B=0.0T, 0.01T, 0.02T), rotation angles of the cavity (α=0°, 45°, 90°, 135°), and PPI of Cu metal foam (PPI=0, 5, 15) are taken into consideration to research the natural convection of Fe 3 O 4 -water nanofluids in a rectangular cavity. With the increasing nanoparticle mass fraction, Nusselt number firstly rises but then falls, and the maximum value of which appears at a nanoparticle mass fraction ω=0.3%. Horizontal magnetic field is not significant to the thermal performance enhancement, but vertical magnetic field shows an opposite trend and makes a positive contribution to the thermal performance. The cavity with a rotation angle α=90° shows the highest thermal performance. Nusselt number of the cavity filled with metal foam can be improved obviously compared with that without metal foam. But the increasing PPI of metal foam is disadvantageous to heat transfer 2 performance.
In this study, the heat transfer and flow characteristics of TiO2‐H2O nanofluids with TiO2 mass fractions of 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt.% in corrugated and smooth double‐pipe heat exchangers were compared using numerical simulations. The results demonstrated that TiO2‐H2O nanofluids effectively enhanced the heat transfer compared to deionized water, and that the heat exchange capacity gradually increased with the TiO2 mass fraction. The corrugated pipe heat exchanger disturbed the fluid flow on both the shell side and pipe side, breaking the boundary layer and creating vortices in the corrugated zone. This provided a higher heat transfer capability than the smooth double‐pipe heat exchanger, but also increased the fluid flow resistance in the pipe. In general, the use of nanofluids and corrugated pipes was found to significantly improve the heat transfer efficiency of the double‐pipe heat exchanger.
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