Wiener transform 41 1.8. The structure of r and wave-particle duality 1,9. Implications of wave-particle duality 1.10. Characterization of the free boson field 62 1.11. The complex wave representation 1.12. Analytic features of the complex wave representation 70 2, The Free Fermion Field 2, I. Clifford systems 2.2. Existence of the free fennion field 80 2.3. The real wave representation • 2.4. The complex wave representation 3. Properties of the Free Fields 3,1. lmroduction 3.2. The exponential laws 3.3. Irreducibility 3.4. Representation of the orthogonal group by measurepreserving transfonnations 100

In China pedestrian crashes make up a large proportion of road casualties and are more likely to occur at signalized intersections. This study examines the behavioral characteristics of pedestrians at such sites and the factors affecting pedestrian behavior. Data on pedestrian behavior were obtained from video images of pedestrian movements recorded at 26 signalized intersections in three Chinese cities, and 598 pedestrians who were using crosswalks were surveyed for their perceptions about the crossing environment. The behavior data indicated that most pedestrians walked normally when they crossed roads; the rate of compliance with traffic rules for all pedestrians was 62.8%. The differences in crossing behavior by gender, age, and the type of pedestrian group were then identified. The results showed that women and middle-aged individuals were more likely to violate traffic rules. In comparison with a single pedestrian and pedestrians in a pair, pedestrians in a group tended not to look at traffic signals. Analysis of the rates of compliance with traffic rules at crosswalks also indicated that crossing distance, signal timing, the presence of traffic police, and pedestrian volume had different effects. Moreover, the major reasons for crossing on red and opinions on waiting time were obtained by analysis of the survey data. For example, the largest proportion (30.25%) of surveyed individuals indicated that they violated traffic rules to save time and for convenience. Findings from this study can help researchers and practitioners understand pedestrian behavior at crosswalks at signalized intersections and thus create a better street-crossing environment for all pedestrians.

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A new dynamic Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach is created to provide valuable managerial insights when assessing the merger performance. This new approach allows us to dynamically evaluate the pre-merger firms and the post-merger firm in a multi-period situation. A case study of bank branch merger is conducted to illustrate and validate the proposed approach. Both stochastic frontier analysis and data envelopment analysis are used and compared leading to highly correlated results. The computation show that merger results in an overall efficiency achievement in a banking industry.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop and present a hybrid design and fabrication method based on rapid prototyping (RP) and electrochemical deposition (ED) techniques to fabricate a pressure wind‐tunnel model with complex internal structure and sufficient mechanical strength.Design/methodology/approachAfter offsetting inward by applied coating thickness, the airfoil model was modified with three pairs of deflecting control surfaces and 24 surface pressure taps and internal passages. The stereolithography (SL) prototype components were fabricated on SL apparatus and roughened by chemical treatments. And then metal‐coated SL components of the airfoil model were created by ED technique. After assembling, a hybrid pressure airfoil model was obtained.FindingsElectrodeposited nickel coating has dramatically improved the overall strength and stiffness of SL parts and the hybrid fabrication method is suitable to construct the wind‐tunnel model with complex internal structure and sufficient mechanical strength, stiffness.Research limitations/implicationsInterface adhesion of SL‐coating is poor even if chemical roughening is applied and the further research is needed.Originality/valueThis method enhances the versatility of using RP in the fabrication of functional models, especially when complex structure with sufficient mechanical properties is considered. Although this paper took an airfoil wind‐tunnel model as an example, it is capable of fabricating other functional components with other rapid prototyping techniques such as FDM, SLS and LOM.