Cells do not live in a vacuum, but in a milieu defined by cell-cell communication that can be measured via emerging high-resolution spatial transcriptomics approaches. However, analytical tools that fully leverage such data for kinetic modeling remain lacking. Here we present Spateo (http://spateo-release.readthedocs.io/), a general framework for quantitative spatiotemporal modeling of single-cell resolution spatial transcriptomics. Spateo delivers novel methods for digitizing spatial layers/columns to identify spatially-polar genes, and develops a comprehensive framework of cell-cell interaction to reveal spatial effects of niche factors and cell type-specific ligand-receptor interactions. Furthermore, Spateo reconstructs 3D models of whole embryos, and performs 3D morphometric analyses. Lastly, Spateo introduces the concept of "morphometric vector field" of cell migrations, and integrates spatial differential geometry to unveil regulatory programs underlying various organogenesis patterns of Drosophila. Thus, Spateo enables the study of the ecology of organs at a molecular level in 3D space, beyond isolated single cells.
Background: Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an abnormal connection between a coronary artery and either a cardiac chamber or the great vessels. Although most patients are asymptomatic, potential complications such as heart failure, angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction can be fatal. Case presentation: We present here a 62-year-old man diagnosed with giant coronary artery fistula complicated with gross coronary artery aneurysm and acute myocardial infarction. He underwent intravenous thrombolysis treatment at a local hospital, coronary angiography at a regional hospital and complex surgery at a national centre for cardiovascular disease. The patient had no major adverse cardiac events during the 3-year follow-up. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of CAF patients and an appropriate treatment plan are the key factors for avoiding serious complications. Because of the rare incidence of this disease, it is necessary to discover and discuss management strategies, including medical management, percutaneous interventions or surgical treatment, for a successful outcome.
Background: The clinical condition of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and concomitant systemic hypertension is growing more and more prevalent, and it brings about a challenging diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. However, whether systemic hypertension has an impact on HOCM, and whether sex-related differences exist in this impact, remains unclear. Methods: A total of 453 HOCM patients (age 48.7 ± 12.8 years, 252 [55.6%] males) were recruited in this study. There were 150 patients (33.1%, 81 males and 69 females) with a history of controlled systemic hypertension. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging was performed in all patients. Left ventricular (LV) remodeling index (LVRI) was determined by CMR. LVRI >1.3 g/mL was defined as pathological LV remodeling. Results: Men had significantly greater LVRI (1.40 ± 0.54 vs. 1.15 ± 0.38 g/mL, p < 0.001) and LVRI >1.3 g/mL (p = 0.002), compared with women. The incidence of syncope and 5-year sudden cardiac death risk score were significantly lower in HOCM with hypertension than those without hypertension. LVRI (p = 0.003) and LVRI >1.3 g/mL (p = 0.007) were significantly smaller in males with hypertension, but not in females with hypertension. However, log cardiac troponin I and log N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were positively correlated with LVRI in men and women. On multivariable logistic analysis, hypertension (OR 0.172, 95% CI 0.056–0.528, p = 0.002) remained an independent determinant of pathological LV remodeling in males, whereas not in females. Conclusions: There were significant sex differences in the impact of systemic hypertension on LV remodeling in patients with HOCM. Controlled systemic hypertension may contribute to improving LV remodeling in male patients with HOCM, but not in females.
Background The pathophysiology of isolated coronary artery ectasia (CAE) with the coronary slow flow (CSF) phenomenon is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors for isolated CAE complicated with CSF. Methods A total of 126 patients with isolated CAE were selected retrospectively. The patients were grouped into the no CSF (NCSF) group (n = 55) and the CSF group (n = 71) according to the corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count (CTFC). Data on demographics, laboratory measurements, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), CTFC and diameters of three coronary arteries were collected. Results The proportions of males (84.5% vs. 61.8%, p = 0.004) and patients with a smoking history (63.4% vs. 43.6%, p = 0.021) were higher in the CSF group than in the NCSF group. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (2.08(1.68–3.21) vs. 1.89 ± 0.58, p = 0.001), mean diameter of coronary arteries (mean D) (5.50 ± 0.85 vs. 5.18 ± 0.91, p < 0.001), and uric acid (URIC) level (370.78 ± 109.79 vs. 329.15 ± 79.71, p = 0.019) were significantly higher in the CSF group, while the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) (4.81 ± 1.66 vs. 5.96 ± 1.75, p < 0.001) and albumin (ALB) level (44.13 ± 4.10 vs. 45.69 ± 4.11, p = 0.036) were lower. Multivariable logistic analysis showed that the LMR (odds ratio: 0.614, 95% CI: 0.464–0.814, p = 0.001), mean D (odds ratio: 2.643, 95% CI: 1.54–4.51, p < 0.001) and URIC level (odds ratio: 1.006, 95% CI: 1.001–1.012, p = 0.018) were independent predictors of CSF in CAE. Conclusions The LMR was a negative independent predictor of CSF in isolated CAE, while URIC level and mean D were positive independent predictors.
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