A fire egress system is one of the most critical aspects of fire emergency evacuation, which is the cornerstone technology of building fire safety. The high-rise teaching buildings on campus, where vast crowds of people gather, need to be qualified for rapid evacuation in the event of a fire especially. Conventional teaching building egress system design places more emphasis on individual elements (e.g., stairwells, evacuation doors, and evacuation walkways) rather than on their co-regulation as a whole. Furthermore, there are not enough holistic and effective optimal design strategies, which is because most of the existing studies rely on experiments or simulations and often suffer from a lack of sufficient data to fully reveal the interactions of individual variables. In this study, the co-effectiveness of stairwells, walkways, and room doors in reducing total evacuation time was investigated by simulation and machine learning. We selected a typical high-rise teaching building as an example and integrated two simulation software, Pyrosim and Pathfinder, to compare the available safe evacuation time (ASET) and required safe evacuation time (RSET). Then, a framework consisting of five factors—stair flight width (SFW), stairwell door width (SDW), corridor width (CW), room door width (RDW), and location of the downward stair flight (LDSF)—was established for the optimization through statistical analysis of big data obtained by the preferred machine learning algorithm. Results indicate that (1) By modifying just one factor (SFW), the total evacuation time (TET) can be reduced by at most 12.1%, with the mortality rate dropping from 26.5% to 9.5%; (2) although ASET could not be achieved either, among 4000 cases of multi-factor combinations, a maximum TET improvement degree, 29.5%, can be achieved for the evacuation optimization compared to baseline model, with a consequent reduction in mortality to 0.15%; (3) it shows that the emphasis of the egress system optimization is on the geometric features of the evacuation stairwell; furthermore, the multi-factor combination approaches have better compromised evacuation performances than the single-factor controlled schemes. The research results can be applied as rational design strategies to mitigate fire evacuation issues in high-rise teaching buildings and, in addition, the methodology suggested in this paper would be suitable to other building types.
The purpose is to improve the ship scheduling capability of the Maritime Silk Road transportation network and advance the international digital trade capabilities along China’s Maritime Silk Road. The optimization process of ship network scheduling based on a simulated annealing- (SA-) improved genetic algorithm (GA) is studied. Then, according to the time-varying stochastic frontier gravity model, the potential of international digital trade between China and the countries on the western route of the Maritime Silk Road is analyzed. The model is simulated and verified. The results reveal that the improved GA has obvious advantages over other algorithms in the message delivery rate of the high-speed and low-speed TT Controller Area Network (TTCAN) protocol for ship control. Regardless of the external environment and the number of message nodes, the message delivery rate is above 95%, showing a high delivery rate and the best network scheduling effect. The total volume and proportion of trade between China and the countries along the western route of the Maritime Silk Road can represent a good growth trend over time, and the proportion of digital trade exports has increased from 9.75% in 2009 to 45.12% in 2020. China has great potential for the development of the countries along the Silk Road as a whole. The main contribution of the research is to construct the ship network scheduling optimization process of the GA improved by the SA and use the time-varying stochastic frontier gravity model to study the digital trade potential between China and the countries along the Maritime Silk Road. The data information management system for network dispatching of marine ships has been improved, and the optimal dispatching efficiency has been enhanced.
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