Under low temperature (LT) conditions (−80 °C∼0 °C), lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) may experience the formation of an extensive solid electrolyte interface (SEI), which can cause a series of detrimental effects such as Li+ deposition and irregular dendritic filament growth on the electrolyte surface. These issues ultimately lead to the degradation of the LT performance of LIBs. As a result, new electrode/electrolyte materials are necessary to address these challenges and enable the proper functioning of LIBs at LT. Given that most electrochemical reactions in lithium‐ion batteries occur at the electrode/electrolyte interface, finding solutions to mitigate the negative impact caused by SEI is crucial to improve the LT performance of LIBs. In this article, we analyze and summarize the recent studies on electrode and electrolyte materials for low temperature lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). These materials include both metallic materials like tin, manganese, and cobalt, as well as non‐metallic materials such as graphite and graphene. Modified materials, such as those with nano or alloying characteristics, generally exhibit better properties than raw materials. For instance, Sn nanowire‐Si nanoparticles (SiNPs−In‐SnNWs) and tin dioxide carbon nanotubes (SnO2@CNT) have faster Li+ transport rates and higher reversible capacity at LT. However, it′s important to note that when operating under LT, the electrolyte may solidify, leading to difficulty in Li+ transmission. The compatibility between the electrolyte and electrode can affect the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the stability of the electrode/electrolyte system. Therefore, a good electrode/electrolyte system is crucial for successful operation of LIBs at LT.
Metal–Organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives
have
been widely used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) since their introduction
because of their high porosity, large specific surface area, and structural
and functional versatility. In this paper, the Zn–Co MOF-derived
nanocages oxides with porous channel-crossing structure were successfully
prepared by a low-temperature calcination self-assembly strategy.
As anode of LIBs, the reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/ZnO/Co3O4 has excellent rating and cycling performances compared
to the RGO/Co3O4. The RGO/ZnO/Co3O4 electrode maintains a reversible capacity of about
900 mAh g–1 after 500 cycles, which is 1.5 times
higher than that of the RGO/Co3O4 electrode.
At high current density of 2 A g–1, the discharge
specific capacity of RGO/ZnO/Co3O4 is 500 mAh
g–1, which is 1.25 times that of RGO/Co3O4. The superior electrochemical performance is attributed
to its specific three-dimensional porous channel structure and internal
Zn/Co oxide semiconductor heterointerface structure, which increases
the effective active area of the electrode, improves the storage capacity
and carrier transport efficiency of Li+, and enhances the
overall structural stability as well as electrochemical activity.
In addition, the improved electrochemical performance cannot be achieved
without the synergistic effect of ZnO and Co3O4.
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